The FBI’s Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) system and the Bureau of Justice Statistics’ National Crime Victimization Survey do not collect information about crimes committed against persons under 12 years of age and thus do not provide a comprehensive picture of juvenile crime victimization. Designed to replace UCR as the national database for crimes reported to law enforcement, the FBI’s National...

OBJECTIVE To examine whether business improvement districts (BID) contributed to greater than expected declines in the incidence of violent crimes in affected neighbourhoods. METHOD A Bayesian hierarchical model was used to assess the changes in the incidence of violent crimes between 1994 and 2005 and the implementation of 30 BID in Los Angeles neighbourhoods. RESULTS The implementation of...

Americans age 12 or older experienced approximately 24.2 million violent and property victimizations in 2001 according to the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS). Overall criminal victimizations included about 18.3 million property crimes (burglary, motor vehicle theft, and theft), 5.7 million violent crimes (rape, sexual assault, robbery, aggravated assault, and simple assault), and abo...

The United Nations adopted an historic international Arms Trade Treaty (ATT) in April 2013. A 1997 meeting of Nobel Peace Prize laureates who called for an International Code of Conduct to address the 'destructive effects of the unregulated arms trade' initiated discussions that led to the Treaty. Public health institutions, including the World Health Organization and the International Committe...

This dissertation is a study into the casuistry of substantive international criminal law. It analyses how international criminal courts use the facts of individual cases to shape and develop individual criminal liability for international crimes – that is, war crimes, crimes against humanity, genocide and the crime of aggression. Chapter I is the prologue to the study. It sketches the backgrou...

human domination over time and space and, consequently, globalization of crime has led to new opportunities of global nature to commit crime. globalized crimes occur in an organized fashion to bring profit to and serve violent purposes of criminals around the world, threatening human dignity, safety, and fundamental rights, compromising international security, and denying humans of their right ...