We use a panel data set of about 1.7 million hospital records in 4,000 Dutch zip code regions for the years 2006-2009. We estimate the effect of physician fees and physician density on regional variation in hospital care for nine different treatments. Our results show that a 1 percent increase in the total number of physicians, if these extra physicians are all paid according to an output-based...

This paper considers the coordination problem of one-retailer one-supplier supply chains with stochastic demand and demand disruption. Adopted optimization methods and numerical experiments, we evaluate the benefits of the ABD contracts with and without demand disruption, and characterize the optimal discount price that maximizes the supplier’s expected profit under such circumstance. The resul...

It has been generally observed that the credit period has become a major concern for most of retailers, as it not only has direct influence on inventory and finance, but also on the demand of an item. Unfortunately, for deteriorating items, the impact of the credit period on demand has not received much attention in the literature, whereas in reality, the length of the credit period offered by ...

As a review of game theoretic approach to optimize the logistic costs with the objective of modeling interactions among players in a basic supply chain, this paper focuses on a single channel, two-echelon supply chain with a retailer and his supplier of a one-product where careful attention is given to information sharing in general and demand forecasting in particular. Therefore, in the indust...

Trade credit is a well established promotional tool in the present competitive world and its impact on demand cannot be ignored. Businesses often use trade credit to increase their market share and, in turn, the profit. Undoubtedly, trade credit plays a great role in increasing the demand but it also involves a great risk of nonpayment. In order to reduce the risk of non-payment, businessman at...

We investigate the role of forward commitments and option contracts between a seller (supplier) and a buyer (retailer) in the presence of asymmetric information. In our case, both parties face price and demand uncertainty, but the retailer, being closer to the market, has additional information about the true demand. The supplier, aware of this asymmetry, and acting as a Stackelberg leader, des...

This paper assumes that the demand is a Poisson random process, the inventory strategy is (s, S), each demand amount Q* is same, scale of the economic transport quantity Q0=p Q* (p is a positive integer), in which Q* is the optimal order quantity of joint pricing used by the supplier and retailer, and the supplier will be entitled to ignore small group of temporary order bills to accumulate the...

This study considers the problem of a vendor which supplies an item to the buyer with imprecise partial backlogging rate of unsatisfied demand and non instantaneous deterioration rate considering variable holding cost, the effect of inflation and time value of money. The supplier’s lead time is a stochastic function of his managing cost. The extra costs incurred by the retailer due to the uncer...

In a dynamic environment such as a supply chain, even basic supplier-customer systems with structurally simple information and material flow formations have a tendency to exhibit operational complexity. The operational complexity of supplier-customer systems is associated with the uncertainty of information and material flows within and across organizations. Operational complexity or dynamic co...