evidence-based medicine is becoming an important s of human life span, which crucial developmental processes occur. since peers play a critical role in the psychosocial development of most adolescents, peer education is currently considered as a health promotion strategy in adolescents. peer education is defined as a system of delivering knowledge that improves social learning and provides psyc...

based on the controversial beliefs among l2 teachers about effective corrective feedback (cf) strategies, recast and prompts as 2 kinds of cf have drawn the attention of l2 researchers(e.g., braidi, 2002; iwashita, 2003; loewen & philp, 2006; panova & lyster, 2002; sheen, 2004). despite these numbers of studies, debate continues to exist about their usefulness as a cf technique. whereas...

Obesity among children and adults has become a highly recognized public health concern and there is an increasing need to discover causes and evaluate preventative measures. One putatively causal influence on obesity is breastfeeding (BF). The World Health Organization (WHO) recently published a report (WR) on 'Evidence of the Long-Term Effects of Breastfeeding: Systematic Reviews and Meta-Anal...

Background & Aim: One of the basic and important needs of hemodialysis patients is vascular access. Nursing students as members of the health team and future nurses, play an essential role in the safety management of hemodialysis patients and therefore, their training is important to support patient safety. Today, evidence-based education with the objective of explicit and rational use of the b...

A new kernel dimension reduction (KDR) method based on the gradient space of canonical functions is proposed for sufficient dimension reduction (SDR). Similar to existing KDR methods, this new method achieves SDR for arbitrary distributions, but with more flexibility and improved computational efficiency. The choice of loss function in cross-validation is discussed, and a two-stage screening pr...

Linearity, sometimes jointly with constant variance, is routinely assumed in the context of sufficient dimension reduction. It is well understood that, when these conditions do not hold, blindly using them may lead to inconsistency in estimating the central subspace and the central mean subspace. Surprisingly, we discover that even if these conditions do hold, using them will bring efficiency l...

A crucial component of performing sufficient dimension reduction is to determine the structural dimension of the reduction model. We propose a novel information criterion-based method for this purpose, a special feature of which is that when examining the goodness-of-fit of the current model, one needs to perform model evaluation by using an enlarged candidate model. Although the procedure does...

To estimate casual treatment effects, we propose a new matching approach based on the reduced covariates obtained from sufficient dimension reduction. Compared to the original covariates and the propensity score, which are commonly used for matching in the literature, the reduced covariates are estimable nonparametrically under a mild assumption on the original covariates, and are sufficient an...