The expected utility (EU) hypothesis was originally formulated to be used with specified or “objective” probabilities. Objectively expected utility is the subject of Chapter 5. Not all uncertainty, however, can be described by a specified or objective probability distribution. The pioneering work of Frank Ramsey (1926) and Bruno de Finetti (1937, 1949) demonstrated how, under certain assumption...

Extracting a map from a stream of experience is a key problem in robotics and artificial intelligence in general. We propose a technique, called subjective mapping, that seeks to learn a fully specified predictive model, or map, without the need for expert provided models of the robot’s motion and sensor apparatus. We briefly overview the recent advancements presented elsewhere (ICML, IJCAI, an...

Abstract Thermodynamics is an unusual theory. Prominent figures, including J.C. Maxwell and E.T. Jaynes, have suggested that thermodynamics anthropocentric. Additionally, contemporary approaches to quantum label a ‘subjective theory’. Here, we evaluate some of the strongest arguments for anthropocentrism based on heat/work distinction, second law, nature entropy. We show these do not commit us ...

Using subjective expectations data from the New York Fed’s Survey of Consumer Expectations (SCE), we estimate elasticity intertemporal substitution (EIS)—the response expected consumption growth to changes in real interest rate. This unique set allows us Euler equation with no auxiliary assumptions on properties expectations, which are instead necessary when using choice data. We find a EIS abo...

An effective way to build a gesture generator is to apply machine learning algorithms to derive a model. In building such a gesture generator, a common approach involves collecting a set of human conversation data and training the model to fit the data. However, after training the gesture generator, what we are looking for is whether the generated gestures are natural instead of whether the gen...