Disruption/denudation of the ependymal lining has been associated with the pathogenesis of various human CNS disorders, including hydrocephalus, spina bifida aperta, and periventricular heterotopia. It has been traditionally considered that ependymal denudation is a consequence of mechanical forces such as ventricular enlargement. New evidence indicates that ependymal disruption can precede ven...

Ependymoma is a slowly growing tumor in children and young adults originating from the wall of the ventricles or from the spinal canal that is composed of neoplastic ependymal cells. Tanycytic ependymoma is a rare variant of ependymoma usually arising in the intra medullary spine. The World Health Organization classifies the tanycytic ependymoma as a grade II tumor. The diagnosis of tanycytic e...

objective: oral lesions are among the important reasons for seeking dental care. being frequently encountered, giant cell lesions form an important group of oral lesions. the epidemiologic data on these lesions, however, is scarce in iran. the present study investigated epidemiological and demographic characteristics of giant cell lesions in oral biopsies done in one of the largest oral patholo...

introduction: giant cell lesions of the bone comprise a group of jaw bone pathologies. different pathogeneses such as reactive, vascular or neoplastic have been proposed for these lesions. in addition, differentiating between aggressive and nonaggressive central giant cell granuloma (cgcg) of the jaws based on histopathologic features is still impossible and due to different treatment protocols...

  Ependymomas accounts for about 2%–6% of CNS and 60%–70% of spinal cord tumors. Several histological patterns of these neoplasms are well known, but little attention has been devoted to a variant composed of giant cells. In spite of apparently “worrisome” histology, giant cell ependymoma seems to be a neoplasm with a relatively good prognosis. This report presents a case of giant cell ependym...

Amyloidosis of urinary bladder is a rare condition and may be primary or secondary in nature. A case of primary localized vesical amyloidosis (VA) in a 40-yr-old man is described confused with neoplasm by cystoscopic, urographic. Surgical specimens obtained by transurethral resection (TUR) were diagnostic and histologically revealed amyloid deposits in sub-epithelial stroma with chronic inflamm...

The sex-determining region Y-box 2 (Sox2) is related not only to pluripotency, but also to cell proliferation. Zebrafish can regain their motor function after spinal cord injury (SCI). Following SCI, new motor neurons are produced from proliferating ependymal cells. Here, we investigated the expression and function of Sox2 after SCI in zebrafish. Sox2 was upregulated as early as 1 day post-lesi...

Clear cell ependymoma was included in the World Health Organization classification of the nervous system in 1993, and all the reported cases, except for two in the spinal cord, were located in the brain, mainly in the supratentorial compartment. Astrocytomas outnumber ependymomas in the spinal cord, and the two entities partly share cytologic findings such as long, bipolar glial processes and o...

central giant cell granulomas (cgcgs) may manifest as radiolucencies anywhere in the mandible or maxilla. in rare cases, it can appear as a localized periradicular area and mimic an endodontic lesion. this case report presents an uncommon location of cgcg which was not accurately diagnosed nor timely treated. periodic follow ups of periapical radiolucencies after rct are necessary. dentists sho...

the b cell is a vital contributor to humoral immunity. the b cell-specific antigen cd20 is expressed during b cell development, starting at the pre-b cell level and persists through b cell differentiation, but is lost during terminal differentiation to plasma cells. rituximab is a monoclonal antibody that destroys both normal and malignant b cells that have cd20 on their surfaces and is therefo...