using the mean-value theorem for integrals we tried to solved the nonlinear integral equations of hammerstein type . the mean approach is to obtain an initial guess with unknown coefficients for unknown function y(x). the procedure of this method is so fast and don't need high cpu and complicated programming. the advantages of this method are that we can applied for those integral equation...

Application of modern irrigation and drainage canals for efficient use of water resources is necessary. Thus , identifying the factors influencing farmers ’ attitudes toward participation in irrigation and drainage projects (IDP) is essential. The purpose of this study is to identify factors affecting attitude toward participation in IDP in Syakh Darenjan, Fars Province , Iran. Stratified rando...

We address the problem of causal interpre­ tation of the graphical structure of Bayesian belief networks (BBNs). We review the con­ cept of causality explicated in the domain of structural equations models and show that it is applicable to BBNs. In this view, which we call mechanism-based, causality is defined within models and causal asymmetries arise ·, when mechanisms are placed in the conte...

We formulate a general shape and topology optimization problem in structural optimization by using a phase field approach. This problem is considered in view of well-posedness and we derive optimality conditions. We relate the diffuse interface problem to a perimeter penalized sharp interface shape optimization problem in the sense of Γ-convergence of the reduced objective functional. Additiona...

Optimization problem for a structural acoustic model with controls governed by unbounded operators on the state space is considered. This type of controls arises naturally in the context of ”smart material technology”. The main result of the paper provides an optimal synthesis and solvability of associated nonstandard Riccati equations. It is shown that in spite of the unboundedness of control ...

Structural analysis is a standard tool to identify submodels that can be used to design model based diagnostic tests. Structural approaches typically operate on models described by a set of equations. This work extends such methods to be able to handle models with constraints, e.g. inequality constraints on state variables. The objective is to improve isolability properties of a diagnosis syste...

We look more carefully at the modeling of causality using structural equations. It is clear that the structural equations can have a major impact on the conclusions we draw about causality. In particular, the choice of variables and their values can also have a significant impact on causality. These choices are, to some extent, subjective. We consider what counts as an appropriate choice. More ...

The paper presents, by means of a structural equations model, an account of the economic freedom factors and their importance. Considering that economic freedom manifests through: business freedom, trade freedom, fiscal freedom, government size, monetary freedom, investment freedom, financial freedom, property rights, freedom from corruption and labour freedom. Results show that all the conside...

Some structural properties as well as a general threedimensional boundary value problem for normally hyperbolic systems of partial differential equations of first order are studied. A condition is given which enables one to reduce the system under consideration to a first-order system with the spliced principal part. It is shown that the initial problem is correct in a certain class of function...