Interconnects are susceptible to solid diffusion under residual stress, electric current, and elevated temperature. As atoms diffuse, voids nucleate, drift, and enlarge. At some point, the voids of rounded shape can collapse to narrow slits and sever the interconnects. The fatal slits are often found to be transgranular, i.e., each slit cuts across a single grain. They have raised many concerns...

River systems have been altered worldwide by dams and diversions, resulting in a broad array of environmental impacts. The use of a process-based, hierarchical framework for assessing environmental impacts of dams is explored here in terms of a case study of the Kootenai River, western North America. The goal of the case study is to isolate and quantify the relative effects of multiple dams and...

the present paper compares full kinetics mechanisms in numerical modelling of porous radiant burners (prb), with their reduced forms. the two most frequently used mechanisms of methane combustion (gri3.0 and miller) were selected and their effects were examined on temperature, species concentration, burning speed, and pollutant emission. while the findings of numerical simulation of prb show fi...

: Adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) have led to growing interest in cell-based therapy because they can be easily harvested from an abundant tissue. ADSCs must be expanded in vitro before transplantation. This essential step causes concerns about the safety of adult stem cells in terms of potential transformation. Tumorigenesis is driven in its earliest step by DNA replication stress, which is...

The roof slab of the nuclear reactor supports all components and sub-systems. Roof needs to resist seismic loads in accordance with load-carrying criteria. static stress analysis reveals that high-stress concentration was present pump penetration shell (PPS) which primary sodium pump. This paper presents assessment collapse load optimization shell, through reliability approach, accounting for m...

despite the rapid growth of engineering science especially in the modern structural engineering and application of new materials in civil engineering, a significant percentage of world population in different countries are living in adobe buildings made from mud-bricks. in this paper, by performing experimental study on scaled mud-brick walls under monotonic load, in-plane behavior of the walls...

Despite the huge interest in network resilience to stress, most of the studies have concentrated on internal stress damaging network structure (e.g., node removals). Here we study how networks respond to environmental stress deteriorating their external conditions. We show that regular networks gradually disintegrate as environmental stress increases but disordered networks suddenly collapse at...