Drawing on Michel Foucault’s philosophical theory of a power triangle, this paper explores the relational dynamics between International Non-Governmental Organisations (INGOs), United Nations (UN), and sovereign states. It reflects emergence multilateral aid after World War Two how became institutionalised professionalised, resulting in dynamic INGOs, UN Western governments that is akin to pare...

In 2003, the city of London implemented a congestion pricing policy in order to reduce traffic and raise revenues for transit improvements. The dramatic success of this system has led to widespread consideration of the adoption of such variable tolling, including road pricing, in dense urban cores around the world. While from many perspectives the broad implementation of such congestion pricing...

Congestion has been an open issue in lossless interconnection networks for the last twenty years. In this environment, as packets can not be dropped, congestion may lead to a dramatic degradation of network performance. Although congestion was traditionally avoided by overdimensioning the network, this solution is no longer valid due to cost and power consumption concerns, that tend to reduce t...

Streaming media is becoming increasingly important to many applications. Timely delivery of streaming media at the required rates is crucial to the correct functioning of applications relying on continuous input of streaming media. Compared to regular data transfer, streaming media is more sensitive to transmission delays and packet losses. Variations in transmission delays and packet losses ar...