Sound localization depends on multiple acoustic cues such as interaural differences in time (ITD) and level (ILD) and spectral features introduced by the pinnae. Although many neurons in the inferior colliculus (IC) are sensitive to the direction of sound sources in free field, the acoustic cues underlying this sensitivity are unknown. To approach this question, we recorded the responses of IC ...

Locations and response characteristics of nociceptive neurons in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord were studied in urethane-chloralose anesthetized Japanese macaques. There were two general categories of nociceptive neurons. Neurons of the first type, nociceptive specific (NS) neurons, responded only to intense mechanical stimuli. Neurons of the second type, wide dynamic range (WDR) neurons, w...

Event-related brain potentials (ERPs), which provide on-line measures of categorization processes, were used to assess the implicit and explicit categorization of stimuli along evaluative (positive and negative) and nonevaluative (people and no-people) dimensions. Participants were exposed to stimuli that simultaneously varied along both dimensions, but were explicitly instructed to categorize ...

Emotions signal the particular relevance of situations, threatening or rewarding, and influence perception and behaviour accordingly. Research to date has predominantly investigated the impact of negative emotional stimuli. However, rapid reactions to positive emotional stimuli are similarly adaptive. Here, we tested the influence of positive emotional stimuli on attentional control, which enab...

Corneal primary afferent neurons that respond to drying of the ocular surface have been previously characterized and found to respond to innocuous cooling, menthol, and hyperosmotic stimuli. The purpose of the present study was to examine the receptive field properties of second-order neurons in the trigeminal nucleus that respond to drying of the ocular surface. Single-unit electrophysiologica...

Abstract. Adaptive behavior involves rapid error processing and action evaluation. However, it has not been clarified how errors contribute to automatic behaviors that can be retrieved successfully adapt our complex environment. Automatic strongly rely on the process of probabilistic sequence learning memory. Therefore, present study investigated during online retrieval knowledge. Twenty-four h...

Transcutaneous neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) can be used to activate the quadriceps femoris muscle produce knee extension torque via seven distinct motor points, defined as most sensitive locations on belly stimuli. However, it remains unclear how much individual points of contribute joint torque. Here we systematically investigated contribution each point produced by paired Ten a...

Beside its motor functions, the caudate nucleus (CN), the main input structure of the basal ganglia, is also sensitive to various sensory modalities. The goal of the present study was to investigate the effects of visual stimulation on the CN by using a behaving, head-restrained, eye movement-controlled feline model developed recently for this purpose. Extracellular multielectrode recordings we...