The cold formed steel section are increasingly used as a structural elements in low rise buildings recent times, due to the advantages like economic production, easy transportation, labor cost and high strength weight ratio. In current work G+3 storied building frame is studied for seismic wind load using Staad-pro software. Light gauge taken beam slab elements. analysis carried out by Equivale...

EU steel policy offers a particularly good example of how policy ideas can be transposed from the national to the supranational level via advocacy coalitions and policy entrepreneurs. The Treaty of Paris, which founded the European Coal and Steel Community in 1951, gave steel a firm institutional base, and made it a 'special case' within the European Community. Although the Treaty was a hybrid ...

Research on the steel structures with confining of axial expansion in fixed beams has been quite intensive in the past decade. It is well established that the thermal behaviour has a key influence on steel structural behaviours. This paper describes mechanical behaviour of beams with bolted slant end-plate connection with nonsymmetric gravity load, subjected to temperature increase. Furthermore...

Abnormal loads due to natural events, implementation errors and some other issues can lead to occurrence of progressive collapse in structures. Most of the past researches consist of 2- Dimensional (2D) models of steel frames without consideration of the floor system effects, which reduces the accuracy of the modeling. While employing a 3-Dimensional (3D) model and modeling the concrete slab sy...

ABSTRACT:The design of structures subjected to natural hazards such as earthquakes and typhoons demands safety of structures which is governed by the natural frequencies and the amount of damping in each mode of vibration. Fundamental frequency of a building and its damping have a remarkable effect on the magnitude of its response. The ability to predict these characteristics at the design stag...

In the present study the efficiency of Big Bang-Big Crunch (BB-BC) algorithm is investigated in discrete structural design optimization. It is shown that a standard version of the BB-BC algorithm is sometimes unable to produce reasonable solutions to problems from discrete structural design optimization. Two reformulations of the algorithm, which are referred to as modified BB-BC (MBB-BC) and e...