The kappa statistic is frequently used to test interrater reliability. The importance of rater reliability lies in the fact that it represents the extent to which the data collected in the study are correct representations of the variables measured. Measurement of the extent to which data collectors (raters) assign the same score to the same variable is called interrater reliability. While ther...

We propose a new Bayesian method for spatial cluster detection, the “Bayesian spatial scan statistic,” and compare this method to the standard (frequentist) scan statistic approach. We demonstrate that the Bayesian statistic has several advantages over the frequentist approach, including increased power to detect clusters and (since randomization testing is unnecessary) much faster runtime. We ...

A major policy issue for the Social Security program is the treatment of earnings of persons who have attained retirement age. This article discusses the retirement test and recomputation of benefit provisions, and provides statistical data for 1995. In 1995, about 806,000 persons aged 65-70 had significant earnings resulting in the withholding of benefits by the retirement test. About 1,659,00...

Typically long-lived sibling pairs have been collected for linkage analysis of human longevity and information on life span of first-degree relatives is available to assess familial aggregation of life span. We propose a new weighted statistic for aggregation analysis, which tests for a relationship between a family history of excessive survival of the sibships of the long-lived pairs and the s...

We have recently introduced a measure for nonstationarity using a recurrence time statistic to assess stationarity. In this paper we propose an extension of this method based on a detailed study of the statistics for the case of stationary systems. We derive a simple scheme that allows us to estimate the effective number of degrees of freedom relevant for this statistic. This substantially impr...

Several attitudes toward Statistic scales have been proposed in the literature by considering samples of university students but specific scales with cross-cultural validity are not known for teachers. In this study we show the psychometric characteristic of the scale of Attitudes toward the Statistic proposed by Estrada (2002) and Estrada Batanero and Fortuny (2003). The scale was applied to 2...

The main signature of chaos in a quantum system is provided by spectral statistical analysis of the nearest-neighbor spacing distribution P(s) and the spectral rigidity given by the Delta(3)(L) statistic. It is shown that some standard unfolding procedures, such as local unfolding and Gaussian broadening, lead to a spurious saturation of Delta(3)(L) that spoils the relationship of this statisti...

Here in this article, there is an attempt to pay attention to the importance of people characters (traditional and civil) in the improvement of urban management due to the sustainable urban development. The deduction of this article in that people characters can play an important role in the process of developing and improving the operation of urban management by paving the way far participatio...

A growing number of patients with chronic artery disease suffer from angina, despite the optimal medical management (ie, β-blockers, calcium channel blockers, and long-acting nitrates) and revascularization. Currently, enhanced external counterpulsation (EECP) therapy has been verified as a noninvasive, safe therapy for refractory angina. The study was designed to evaluate the efficacy of EECP ...