in state-investor dispute, investor tends that umbrella clause transfers all contractual claims to treaty claims. by contracts, state follows narrow interpretation of this clause. up to ilc articles, establishing of responsibility of state for breach of contract requires tow preconditions. first state is merely responsible when state condoct has been of governmental nature and second is that br...

The birth of the dual banking system in Indonesia was marked by establishment Indonesia's first sharia commercial bank, Bank Muamalat. amendments to Religious Courts Act 1989 were seen as a response dispute resolution, but advent law did not immediately open an opportunity for due National Sharia Council and fatwas. Indonesian regulations continue treat disputes industry arbitrators, Law No. 21...

the 1965 washington convention on the settlement of investment disputes between states and nationals of other states created international center for settlement of investment disputes (icsid). this center conducts investment disputes arbitration according to the rules of the convention. the choice of law rules of the washington convention have been provided in article 42. second sentence of art...