We investigate the relationship between living standards and fertility, using a three-wave panel dataset from Indonesia to provide information on women’s fertility histories and the levels of consumption expenditure in the households to which they belong. We adopt a Bayesian approach to estimation and exploit the dynamically recursive structure implied by gestation lags to identify causal effec...

Interdependence among nations has been on the rise since the last century and is rapidly increasing in this era of globalization and liberalization of economies. The trans -country flows are in all areas includ ing financial capital, human resources, tradable commodities, environmental resources and services, and intellectual property. This international interdependence has contributed to signi...

Using 2011-12 consumption micro-data, we find that nearly one-third of the variation in living standards India can be explained by location alone. Consumption levels and locational inequality are positively related. In effect, from an individual’s perspective, higher richer, but more unequal, locations India. The central factor behind these findings is large difference average between rural urb...

Trade's effect on the living standards of the poor is generally found to be the dominant channel through which trade influences child time allocation and schooling. Trade can influence the living standards of the poor by changing consumption prices and through altering labor and family asset income. It is this later channel, changes in labor and asset incomes, that researchers have highlighted ...

In this paper we examine the relative importance of rural versus urban areas in terms of monetary poverty and seven other related living standards indicators. We present the levels of urban-rural differences for several African countries for which we have data and find that living standards in rural areas lag far behind those in urban areas. Then we examine the relative and absolute rates of ch...

This article mobilizes and integrates both existing and new time series data on real wages, physical heights and age-heaping to examine the long-term trend of living standards and human capital for China during the eighteenth to twentieth centuries. Our findings confirm the existence of a substantial gap in living standards between China and North-western Europe in the eighteenth and nineteenth...

The role played by parental wealth in facilitating the life chances and living standards of offspring is a topic of growing interest in stratification research. For working and middle class households much of their intervivos transfers to children is provided in the form of assistance with a home purchase. This paper examines the impact of parental wealth and transfers of wealth on several aspe...

this paper presents a model of a catchment area in northwest of iran. the researchers have studied ajichai basin which is located in the east part of orumiyeh lake, located at the longitude of 47 52’ e to 45 32’ e and the latitude of 37 26’ n to 38 30’ n. the researchers have chosen the data from tabriz upper air station which is the only one in the area. the research data are seven instability...