Technological standardization is an essential prerequisite for the implementation of new technologies: The interdependencies of these technologies require common rules (“standardization”) to ensure compatibility. Though standardization is prevalent in practically every sector of industrialized economies, its macroeconomic implications have not been analyzed so far. Using data on standardization...

The article reviews standardization methods commonly employed to adjust for response bias in cross-cultural research. First, different standardization procedures are reviewed and a classification scheme is provided. Standardization procedures are classified according to the statistical information used (means, standard deviation) and the source of this information (individual, group, or culture...

One of the most complex challenges that multinational corporations (MNCs) face is harmonizing the opposing forces of standardization versus localization. Based on a large-scale survey of headquarters (HQs) and subsidiaries of American, Japanese and German MNCs, we provide evidence that MNCs can no longer afford to define standardization simply as the worldwide adoption of HQ practices. Standard...

Mobile Telecommunication standardization in Europe builds on a history formed by European and International standardization bodies, the governments as regulators and the R&D departments of PPT-owned telecommunication operators. This paper describes the standardization approach related to the implementation of the public CPA (Content Provider Access) platform and business model for provision of ...

Purpose – To examine issues of standardization and adaptation in global marketing strategy and to explain the dynamics of standardization. Design/methodology/approach – This is a conceptual research paper that has been developed based on gaps in prior frameworks of standardization/adaptation. A three-factor model of standardization/adaptation of global marketing strategy was developed. The thre...

W research on the cost effectiveness of standardization to date has focused on the impact of different degrees of standardization, it has paid insufficient attention to the process an organization uses to formulate and implement standardized procedures. Drawing on the organizational decision-making literature and procedural fairness literature, this study identifies a number of key process feat...

Sustainability in supply chain operations fundamentally relies on environmental standards, the traditional driver of investment in pollution control and a major factor in facilities site selection. While environmental standardization has traditionally focused on activities in nations and in some multinational regions, in the future a more international perspective is needed. Environmental stand...