Spatial variations in disease patterns of the 1918-1919 influenza pandemic remain poorly studied. We explored the association between influenza death rates, transmissibility and several geographical and demographic indicators for the autumn and winter waves of the 1918-1919 pandemic in cities, towns and rural areas of England and Wales. Average measures of transmissibility, estimated by the rep...

The population of Latin America is now largely urban. By 1990, 72 percent of the people of the region were living in cities (Figure 1). By 2020, the urban population could reach 83 percent. With increasing urbanization, the region faces problems of poverty, nutrition, and health that are somewhat different from those when the population was more rural. Thirty-five percent of the people who live...

BACKGROUND The complex mechanism of nicotine dependency makes it challenging to evaluate dependence or progress towards dependence. The aim of this study was to estimate nicotine dependence levels and identify determinants of dependence among Chinese rural-urban migrants. METHODS Multi-stage systematic sampling was used to select 4,198 rural-urban migrants aged 18 years or older from three me...

The movement of human populations across the planet has character ized human societies throughout history. Historically, resource scarcity or depletion has induced this movement. In recent years, rural populations and their relationships to their environment are again attracting growing interest, especially in connection with population change and particularly migration. Rural areas contain mos...

Previous studies looking at the effect of long working hours on mental health have been plagued by the high degree of self-selection of those who work long hours. In this paper we use a new survey of rural-to-urban migration in China which uses the fact that migrants are effectively allowed only temporarily in the cities, meaning that those who must return to poorer villages have greater incent...

Urban–rural transformation development is the key to resolving imbalance in dual structure of urban and rural areas. However, urban–rural relationship will also affect spatial distribution land use. This paper measured spatial–temporal characteristics land–use transition Yangtze River Delta from 1990 2018 by using a geo–information Tupu method explored driving mechanism under background regress...

The stabilizing effects of interhabitat migration and local population extinction are established by an analysis of the variable Pi, where P, refers to the proportion of habitats occupied by species i. This is followed by an analysis of the qualitative nature of changes in regional and local factors and their influence on establishing stable or unstable conditions. It is seen that the appropria...

In the early twentieth century, American cities were home to immigrants from around the world; 23 percent of the urban population in the United States in 1910 was born abroad. Immigrants were attracted to the industrial centers of the Northeast and Midwest, cities like Chicago, Pittsburgh and Detroit, which offered plentiful jobs in rail yards, steel works and automobile manufacturing. Despite ...