Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is associated with augmented sympathetic nerve activity, as assessed by multi-unit muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA). However, it is still unclear whether single-unit MSNA is a better reflection of sleep apnea severity according to the apnea-hypopnea index (AHI). One hundred and two OSAS patients underwent full polysomnography and single- and multi...

The biochemical bases for the high mass-specific metabolic rates of flying insects remain poorly understood. To gain insights into mitochondrial function during flight, metabolic rates of individual flying honeybees were measured using respirometry, and their thoracic muscles were fixed for electron microscopy. Mitochondrial volume densities and cristae surface densities, combined with biochemi...

the gobies are non-commercial fishes in the iranian waters of the caspian sea for which population dynamics and stock status are poorly known. in this survey, we tried to define species diversity and catch per unit effort (cpue) of gobiidae by using beach seine nets in salmanshahr, the southern caspian sea. from march 2011 to april 2012, 224 specimens representing 4 gobiid species, belonging to...

Successful production and development of stable and adaptable genotypes only depend on the positive results achieved from the interaction between genotype and environment that consequently has a significant impact on breeding strategies. In this regard, we conducted an experiment to study genotypic differences of 16 lines durum wheat under both zinc sufficient and deficient stress during 2014-2...

Physiological effects of different nitrate applications were studied using the C(4) plant, Amaranthus powellii Wats. Plants were grown in a controlled environment chamber and watered daily with nutrient solutions containing 45, 10, 5, or 1 millimolar nitrate. Chloride and sulfate were used to keep the cation and phosphate concentrations constant. Total leaf nitrogen concentration, chlorophyll c...

It is unclear whether gender differences in the relative strength of the upper and lower body are due to differences in muscle mass distribution or dissimilarity of use. There is also controversy as to whether prolonged resistance training increases strength per unit cross-sectional area (CSA). To help resolve these questions, maximum isometric torque per unit muscle and bone (M+B) CSA was meas...

Vertical farming systems (VFS) have been proposed as an engineering solution to increase productivity per unit area of cultivated land by extending crop production into the vertical dimension. To test whether this approach presents a viable alternative to horizontal crop production systems, a VFS (where plants were grown in upright cylindrical columns) was compared against a conventional horizo...

Sampling considerations limit the experimental conditions under which information theoretic analyses of neurophysiological data yield reliable results. We develop a procedure for computing the full temporal entropy and information of ensembles of neural spike trains, which performs reliably for limited samples of data. This approach also yields insight to the role of correlations between spikes...