Two new species of Mesoplecia Rohdendorf, 1938, M. plena sp. nov. and M. fastigata sp. nov., are described from the late Middle Jurassic Jiulongshan Formation of Daohugou, Inner Mongolia, China. Based on the emended generic diagnosis of Mesoplecia by Zhang in 2007, these two new species are assigned to Mesoplecia by a combination of the following five characters: (1) Head small; (2) Vein bRs no...

Equilibrium climate sensitivity-the equilibrium warming per CO2 doubling-increases with concentration for 13 of 14 coupled general circulation models 0.5–8 times the preindustrial concentration. In particular, abrupt 4 × is more than twice 2 warming. We identify three potential causes: nonlogarithmic forcing, feedback dependence, and temperature dependence. Feedback dependence explains at least...

FREDRIK K. FATEMI,* JONATHAN E. HOFFMAN, PABLO SOLANO, ELIOT F. FENTON, GUY BEADIE, STEVEN L. ROLSTON, AND LUIS A. OROZCO Army Research Laboratory, Adelphi, Maryland 20783, USA Joint Quantum Institute, Department of Physics, University of Maryland and National Institute of Standards and Technology, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA *Correspon...

A new type of contrast agent for Xe NMR based on surfactant-stabilized perfluorocarbon-in-water nanoemulsions has been produced. The contrast agent uses dissolved hyperpolarized xenon gas as a nonperturbing reporting medium, as xenon freely exchanges between aqueous solution and the perfluorocarbon interior of the droplets, which are spectroscopically distinguishable and allow for chemical exch...

Transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) is a polymodal ion channel sensitive to temperature and chemical stimuli. The importance of temperature and aversive chemical detection for survival has driven the evolutionary diversity of TRPA1 sensitivity. This diversity can be observed in the various roles of TRPA1 in different species, where it is proposed to act as a temperature-insensitive c...

BACKGROUND AND AIMS Following previous findings of high extracellular redox activity in lichens and the presence of laccases in lichen cell walls, the work presented here additionally demonstrates the presence of tyrosinases. Tests were made for the presence of tyrosinases in 40 species of lichens, and from selected species their cellular location and molecular weights were determined. The effe...

The innermost regions of radio loud Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN) jets are heavily affected by synchrotron self-absorption, due to the strong magnetic fields and high particle densities in these extreme zones. The only way to overcome this absorption is to observe at sub-millimeter wavelengths, although polarimetric observations at such frequencies have so far been limited by sensitivity and cal...

Information processing in the brain crucially depends on the topology of the neuronal connections. We investigate how the topology influences the response of a population of leaky integrate-and-fire neurons to a stimulus. We devise a method to calculate firing rates from a self-consistent system of equations taking into account the degree distribution and degree correlations in the network. We ...

Olfaction enables most mammalian species to detect and discriminate vast numbers of chemical structures called odorants and pheromones. The perception of such chemical compounds is mediated via two major olfactory systems,the main olfactory system and the vomeronasal system, as well as minor systems, such as the septal organ and the Grueneberg ganglion. Distinct differences exist not only among...