The government could be forced to abandon controversial regulations that would open up large parts of the NHS in England to competition if peers decide the rules are unworkable and damaging to the NHS and patient care. Although the regulations, tabled under section 75 of the Health and Social Care Act, come into force on 1 April, they can still be challenged by peers, leading to a debate and vo...

At the turn of the last century, allies of industry on the Supreme Court deployed a novel constitutional doctrine to thwart government regulations aimed at improving public health and safety. During the Lochner v. New York era, the Supreme Court discovered a right to “freedom of contract” in the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment that advanced the “economic liberty” of businesses to...

Since 1962, the Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC) of the Food and Agriculture Organisation/World Health Organisation has been responsible for developing standards, guidelines and other recommendations on the quality and safety of food to protect the health of consumers and to ensure fair practices in food trade. The mission of the CAC remains relevant, but a number of factors have shown the n...

The decline in importance of private defined benefit plans in relation to defined contribution plans in the United States is a major issue of interest to pension actuaries. This decline has been attributed to numerous factors: costs of government regulation, societal and cultural changes, changed employer attitudes, and employees’ lack of understanding of defined benefit plans. It has also caus...

This paper introduces a discrete event simulation for crew assignments and crew movements as a result of train traffic, labor rules, government regulations and optional crew schedules. The software is part of a schedule development system, FRCOS (Freight Rail Crew Optimization System), that was co-developed by Canadian National (CN) Rail and Circadian Technologies, Inc. The simulation allows ve...

Web sites of official organizations should be accessible to reduce the digital divide and improve the ability of any citizen to participate to the social and political life of a country. However the current status of web sites is far from satisfying. Despite the existence of standards and regulations, many organizations still host web sites that are not

AFrER a long period of neglect the history of Russian medicine is at last beginning to attract the attention of Western scholars,' although so far most of the new interest has been shown by social historians who have been chiefly concerned with the effects of disease and of unsanitary conditions on the economic and social development of the Russian state.2'3 Indeed, the medical aspects of Russi...

This article discusses the history of the grassroots movement led by self-advocates and their families to replace the stigmatizing term "mental retardation" with "intellectual disability" in federal statute. It also describes recent and pending changes in federal regulations and policy to adopt the new terminology for Social Security and Medicaid.