Abstract Urea-based multi-coated slow release fertilizer was produced using water hyacinth, humic substances, and chitosan, with rich in natural organic matter as a solvent. Elemental analysis showed that the nitrogen content of (FERT) around 20%. Swelling tests demonstrated effectiveness hyacinth crosslinker, which reduced permeability material. Leaching FERT released very low concentration am...

The application of controlled-release fertilizers (CRF) at the time of planting offers a means to improve the establishment of forest tree seedlings. As compared to conventional fertilizers, the gradual pattern of nutrient release from CRF may better coincide with plant needs, minimize leaching, and improve fertilizer use efficiency. Many different CRF types are available and products differ in...

Many reclaimed opencast coal-lands in Wales are now seriously degraded. This study explores the 10-year growth of native trees planted on compacted coal spoil. It compares relative benefits planting with spent mushroom compost (SMC) or well-rotted farmyard manure (FYM), both and without supplementary fertilizer. Four main tree species—Common Alder, Oak, Scots Pine Silver Birch—are considered. T...