Presterilized mictotiter plates (96 wells) with BHK-21 cells on 5-mm cover slips were successfully used for cell culture isolation of trachoma from 15 infected conjunctival scrapings.

A model for the elastic-viscoplastic response of metallic single crystals is developed on the basis of the modern finite-deformation theory of plasticity combined with considerations of material symmetry. This is proposed as an alternative to conventional crystal plasticity theory, based on a decomposition of the plastic deformation rate into a superposition of slips on active slip systems. A s...

Three-point bending tests were performed on pure zinc single crystals with different crystal orientations to investigate orientation dependence deformation behavior. With basal planes parallel the neutral planes, specimens deformed due slips and formed a gull-shape after deformation. On other hand, specimen whose are perpendicular axes [0001] second order pyramidal slips, {1012} twinnin...

Plant viruses that contain plus-sensed single-stranded RNA genomes are highly abundant in nature. As the equivalents of large mRNAs, these viral genomes utilize a wide variety of gene expression strategies for the production of their encoded proteins. The potyviruses, which are among the most agriculturally important members in this category, contain a single large open reading frame (ORF) codi...

Speech errors reflect linguistic knowledge. For example, phonological errors follow languagewide phonotactic constraints such as the fact that [h] must be an onset in English. We review five experimental studies that demonstrate that errors adhere to artificial experiment-wide constraints (e.g. [f] must be an onset during this experiment) as well as language-wide constraints. These studies show...

Bioenergetic membranes use proton gradients to transduce energy. However, when the proton gradient is large 1) there is a passive leak of protons (and other ions) across these membranes, and 2) some proton pumps may fail to pump protons (a phenomenon known as slip). Leaks and slips may be an unavoidable consequence of membrane structure and cause significant wastage of free energy, but they may...

The interplay between superconductivity and Coulomb interactions has been studied for more than 20 years now1–13. In low-dimensional systems, superconductivity degrades in the presence of Coulomb repulsion: interactions tend to suppress fluctuations of charge, thereby increasing fluctuations of phase. This can lead to the occurrence of a superconducting– insulator transition, as has been observ...

A theory accounting for the dynamical aspects of the superfluid response of one dimensional (1D) quantum fluids is reported. In long 1D systems, the onset of superfluidity is related to the dynamical suppression of quantum phase slips at low temperatures. The effect of this suppression as a function of frequency and temperature is discussed within the framework of the experimentally relevant mo...

Tunneling I-V characteristics between very narrow titanium nanowires and "massive" superconducting aluminum were measured. The clear trend was observed: the thinner the titanium electrode, the broader the singularity at eV = Δ1(Al) + Δ2(Ti). The phenomenon can be explained by broadening of the gap edge of the quasi-one-dimensional titanium channels due to quantum fluctuations of the order param...