The present study was conducted to investigate the chemical composition of rice polishing available in Pakistan used in poultry rations as an energy source. Chemical analysis of 195 samples was done. Overall, 60% samples had either lower or higher percentage of ether extract as compared to reference value (1316%). Large number of samples (41.54%) showed lower value of ether extract (less than 1...

that every single material derived from silicon chemistry seems extremely modern. Silicon occurs naturally in sand and rocks, generally in the form of silica and silicate, and is the second most abundant element on earth after oxygen. Only crystalline silicon and the silanes and organosiloxanes are truly modern products: they do not occur freely in nature, but are entirely the product of human ...

Sand roughness is now accessible to measurement. Incorporating this parameter into sand models using the discrete element method (DEM) known improve bulk small strain response. In work we explore effect on problems where particle crushing takes place. A well-established DEM model and a rough Hertzian contact are here combined incorporate both effects in single model. Including results stronger ...

An increase in intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]) and morphological were simultaneously observed by epifluorescence and differential interference contrast (DIC) microscopy during fertilization of the sand dollar, Clypeaster japonicus. [Ca2+], which was detected by a Ca2+ indicator, Fluo-3, initially increased just beneath the sperm-attached site on the egg surface 8.6 sec after attachmen...

We summarize information concerning Recent and Pleistocene-Holocene Uruguayan sand dollars (Mellitidae), as well as Miocene taxa (Monophorasteridae). Recent and Pleistocene-Holocene species (Encope emarginata, Mellita quinquiesperforata, and Leodia sexisperforata) are at their southernmost limits of distribution, with only E. emarginata recorded further south than Uruguay. Lower temperatures to...

Many larvae and other plankton have complex and variable morphologies of unknown functional significance. We experimentally and theoretically investigated the functional consequences of the complex morphologies of larval sand dollars, Dendraster excentricus (Eschscholtz), for hydrodynamic interactions between swimming and turbulent water motion. Vertical shearing flows (horizontal gradients of ...