In biochemical signaling pathways without explicit feedback connections, the core signal transduction is usually described as a one-way communication, going from upstream to downstream in a feedforward chain or network of covalent modification cycles. In this paper we explore the possibility of a new type of signaling called retroactive signaling, offered by the recently demonstrated property o...

Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner as a biological control agent can play a crucial role in the integrated management of a wide range of plant pests and diseases. B. thuringiensis is expected to elicit plant defensive response through plant recognition of microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs), however, there is little information on the molecular base of induced systemic ...

Background: The developmental competency of embryos is affected by several factors, including the developmental pathways and their elements. In mammalian species including goat, fertilized oocyte undergoes several divisions to form a structure called blastocyst. These events depend on the successful control of temporal and spatial expression of genes involved in genome activation. One of the cr...

The neurotransmitter glutamate interacts with glutamate receptor proteins, leading to the activation of multiple signaling pathways. Dysfunction in the glutamatergic signaling pathway is well established as a frequent player in diseases such as schizophrenia, Alzheimer disease, and brain tumors (gliomas). Recently, aberrant functioning of this pathway has also been shown in melanoma. In both gl...

rho-kinase is an effector molecule of rhoa, a monomeric gtp-binding protein, and causes ca2+ sensitization through inactivation of myosin phosphatase. the major physiological functions of rho/rho-kinase cascade include contraction, proliferation and migration in cells.there are some excellent reviews about rho/rho-kinase signal pathway, most of which focus on the specific proteins of the pathwa...

thrombin is a multifunctional enzyme which has key roles in coagulation cascade and inflammatory events. the pro-inflammatory functions of thrombin occur by different mechanisms including increasing mast cell degranulation, up-regulating the expression of cell adhesion molecules (cams) and promoting the secretion of inflammatory chemokines and cytokines. dysregulated signaling functions of thro...

The book Heat Shock Proteins (HSP) in Cellular Communication and Signaling Volume 26 provides the most comprehensive highlight insight of expression, function therapeutic activity HSP signaling pathways. Using an integrative approach to understanding various HSP-mediated pathways response a variety stressors including hyperthermia, or metabolic changes produced by physical exercise psychologica...

The immune system of mammalian organisms undergoes alterations that may account for an increased susceptibility to certain infections, autoimmune diseases, or malignancies. Well characterized are age related defect in T cell functions and cell mediated immunity. Although it is well established that the functional properties of T cells decrease with age, its biochemical and molecular nature is...

Objective: A clinically observable metabolic disorder often takes its root from modulation of transcriptional factors which in turn are responsible for perturbed protein expressions and their sequelae. Perinatal perturbations due to chronic prenatal exposure to a certain type of rice could predispose parents exposed to such ‘insult’ and their subsequent offsprings to metabolic diseases. Materi...