Reversible phosphorylation of amino acid side chains in proteins is a frequently used mechanism in cellular signal transduction and alterations of such phosphorylation patterns are very common in cardiovascular diseases. They reflect changes in the activities of the protein kinases and phosphatases involving signaling pathways. Phosphorylation of serine, threonine, and tyrosine residues has bee...

More recently medical chemistry research has been focused on proteins that drive and controlcell cycle progression. Among them, the cyclin dependent kinases (cdk’s) are a group ofserine/threonine kinases, which rule the transition between successive stages of the cell cycle. Theactivity of cdk’s is regulated by multiple mechanisms, including binding to cyclins, which is a broadclass of positive...

background: eukaryotic proteins generally have signal peptides, which are not only crucial for their secretion efficiencies but are important for their expression levels. the coagulation factor ix (fix) is a glycoprotein that plays a fundamental role in a blood coagulation pathway. reduced levels or dysfunctional fix are associated with hemophilia b. to improve the hfix secretion efficiency in ...

The Monod-Wyman-Changeux (MWC) model was conceived in 1965 to account for the signal transduction and cooperative properties of bacterial regulatory enzymes and hemoglobin. It was soon extended to pharmacological receptors for neurotransmitters and other macromolecular entities involved in intracellular and intercellular communications. Five decades later, the two main hypotheses of the model a...

The bacterial phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP):carbohydrate phosphotransferase system (PTS) carries out both catalytic and regulatory functions. It catalyzes the transport and phosphorylation of a variety of sugars and sugar derivatives but also carries out numerous regulatory functions related to carbon, nitrogen, and phosphate metabolism, to chemotaxis, to potassium transport, and to the virulence o...

The Drosophila anterior-posterior (AP) axis is specified at mid-oogenesis when Par-1 kinase recruited to the posterior cortex of oocyte, where it polarises microtubule cytoskeleton define determinants, bicoid and oskar mRNAs localise. This polarity established in response an unknown signal from follicle cells, but how this occurs unclear. Here we show that myosin chaperone, Unc-45 Non-Muscle My...