BACKGROUND Little is known about the incidence and characteristics of primary, or external, shoulder impingement in an occupationally and physically active population. A longitudinal, prospective epidemiologic database was used to determine the incidence and risk factors for shoulder subacromial impingement in the United States (U.S.) military. Our hypothesis was that shoulder impingement is in...

BACKGROUND To determine the influence of lifting speed and type on peak and cumulative back compressive force (BCF) and shoulder moment (SM) loads during symmetric lifting. Another aim of the study was to compare static and dynamic lifting models. METHODS Ten male participants performed a floor-to-shoulder, floor-to-waist, and waist-to-shoulder lift at three different speeds [slow (0.34 m/s),...

Degenerative changes of the shoulder are a common complication in patients after spinal cord injury. The main cause is chronic overload to the shoulder joint due to manual wheelchair propulsion and transfers. Reduced shoulder function has a significant impact on all aspects of daily life. Shoulder arthroplasty in this group of patients is a challenging procedure because of the unique demand on ...

Because of its inherent superior soft tissue contrast and lack of ionizing radiation, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is highly suited to study the complex anatomy of the shoulder joint, particularly when assessing the relatively high incidence of shoulder injuries in young, athletic patients. This review aims to serve as a primer for understanding shoulder MRI in an algorithmical approach, in...

Shoulder pain, the third most common musculoskeletal complaint in primary care physicians' offices, often occurs in older patients—it has its peak incidence in the fourth to the sixth decades of life.1 Common shoulder conditions in this age-group include rotator cuff tendinopathy, impingement, rotator cuff tear, adhesive capsulitis ("frozen shoulder"), and glenohumeral (GH) arthritis. Diagnosis...

Shoulder stiffness is a condition of painful restriction of the glenohumeral range of motion. Numerous risk factors for primary and postoperative shoulder stiffness have been described. This article summarizes the known aspects of the pathophysiology of shoulder stiffness, with special attention to elements of molecular biology and genetics, which could influence the risk of developing shoulder...

The purpose of this review is to scrutinize the physiology of neck-shoulder pain and trapezius myalgia based on the most recent scientific literature. Therefore, systematic literature searches have been conducted. Occurrence of neck-shoulder pain, risk factors for development of neck-shoulder pain, and its work-relatedness are addressed. Furthermore, the latest information on the biochemical mi...

BACKGROUND There is sparse literature that provides evidence of cervical and shoulder postural alignment of 15 to 17-year-old adolescents and that analyzes sex differences. OBJECTIVES To characterize the postural alignment of the head and shoulder in the sagittal plane of 15 to 17-year-old Portuguese adolescents in natural erect standing and explore the relationships between three postural an...

This update examines recent articles and evidence for the role of ultrasound in the diagnosis and management of shoulder impingement syndromes and emphasizes its principal application in evaluation for external impingement. Shoulder ultrasound is commonly used as the initial investigation for patients with shoulder pain and suspected impingement. This is due to the high resolution of current ul...

Osteoarthritis (OA) can cause severe pain and dysfunction of the shoulder. When conservative treatment fails and operative treatments such as shoulder arthroplasty and open glenohumeral resurfacing are not advisable, shoulder arthroscopy may be used to treat shoulder OA. Arthroscopic treatment of concomitant pathology in the shoulder including subacromial decompression, labral repair, capsular ...