in the islamic civilization and our era, a lot of literary critics became famous, but we hardly ever remember the writer of alghadir, alameh abdulhussein amini, as a great literary critic. in fact he is skillful in his work and use exact meaning in his literature works. yet the writers have forgotten him as a literary critic or theyhave indicated that they forget him. in this essay, i would lik...

annulment is one of the institutions of contract cancellation in shiite jurisprudence and law. one of the primary questions about every phenomenon is the question of the nature and character. although traditionally shiite jurists have held comparative and critical approaches toward the common views of sunni jurists about the nature of annulment, they have not typically looked at the nature of c...

The introduction of a small amount of bounded rationality into a model sometimes has little effect, and sometimes has a dramatic impact on predicted behavior. We call a model robust to bounded rationality if small deviations from rationality result only in small changes in the equilibrium set. We also say that a model is structurally stable if the equilibrium set (given fully rational agents) v...

The concept of bounded rationality is not well-defined. Several aspects of bounded rationality are discussed. Two different kinds of bounded rationality are distinguished. First, rationality may be bounded in the sense that the player cannot perform all the necessary calculations within the time frame of the game. This applies not only to numerical calculations but also to any kind of informati...

Models in the classical theory of games and in neoclassical economics normally assume rationality in the sense that agents have compete and transitive preferences. The paper labels this fundamental rationality and distinguishs two other sorts of rationality pertinent to the study of strategic interaction: individual economic rationality (IER) and effective rationality. IER is, we observe, chara...

I took the title of this chapter from an email Herbert A. Simon sent me in May 1999. In this email, he wrote a statement for the back cover of Simple Heuristics That Make Us Smart in which he commented: “I think the book strikes a great blow for sanity in the approach to rationality [and shows] why more than minor tampering with existing optimization theory is called for.” But Herb wouldn’t be ...