Abstract Information about the share of total income held by richest 1%, or other top groups, is increasingly used to discuss inequality levels and trends within between nations. A ratio group divided personal (the ‘income control total’). We compare two approaches estimating totals: ‘external’ approach World Inequality Database, an augmented ‘internal’ approach. argue in favour latter, with re...

The first construction of strongly secure quantum ramp secret sharing by Zhang and Matsumoto had an undesirable feature that the dimension of quantum shares must be larger than the number of shares. By using algebraic curves over finite fields, we propose a new construction in which the number of shares can become arbitrarily large for fixed dimension of shares.

Visual cryptography encodes a secret binary image (SI) into shares of random binary patterns. If the shares are xeroxed onto transparencies, the secret image can be visually decoded by superimposing a qualified subset of transparencies, but no secret information can be obtained from the superposition of a forbidden subset. The binary patterns of the shares, however, have no visual meaning and h...