Even if βAPP remains the gold standard in identifying diffuse axonal injuries, other histological, ultrastructure, histochemical, or immunohistochemical markers may aid the diagnosis and may better characterize this traumatic brain pathology. Moreover, associated changes, including neuronal body changes, the presence of microglial clusters, and so on, when identified in a traumatic context, sho...

Diffuse axonal injury (DAI) is the most common and significant pathological features of traumatic brain injury (TBI). However, there are still no effective drugs to combat the formation and progression of DAI in affected individuals. FK506, also known as tacrolimus, is an immunosuppressive drug, which is widely used in transplantation medicine for the reduction of allograft rejection. Previous ...

For patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI), current clinical imaging methods generally do not provide highly detailed information about the location of axonal injury, severity of injury, or expected recovery. In a case of severe TBI, the authors applied a novel high-definition fiber tracking (HDFT) to directly visualize and quantify the degree of axonal fiber damage and predict functional d...

Axonal degeneration contributes to the development of non-remitting neurological deficits and disability in multiple sclerosis, but the molecular mechanisms that underlie axonal loss in multiple sclerosis are not clearly understood. Studies of white matter axonal injury have demonstrated that voltage-gated sodium channels can provide a route for sodium influx into axons that triggers reverse op...

BACKGROUND Although in situ pathological studies and in vivo magnetic resonance (MR) investigations have shown that axonal injury can be significant in the early stages of multiple sclerosis (MS), diffuse axonal injury is generally considered a secondary event. Cerebral axonal damage can be specifically assessed in vivo by measuring levels of brain N-acetylaspartate (NAA, a specific index of ax...

Brain damage in a series of 635 fatal non-missile head injuries has been analysed with particular reference to the age of the patient and the type of injury. The differences in the type of brain damage in relation to age were less than we had anticipated, lending further support to the contention that the aged brain has a reduced potential for recovery. The analysis confirms the relationship be...

BACKGROUND Toxic leukoencephalopathy has been described with inhalation and intravenous consumption of heroin and cocaine. The clinical picture varies widely but the imaging and histological features are characteristic. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) typically reveals diffuse bihemispheric white matter lesions. Histologically there is extensive spongiform degeneration of the cerebral white ma...

Following traumatic brain injury (TBI) neurological damage is ongoing through a complex cascade of primary and secondary injury events in the ensuing minutes, days and weeks. The delayed nature of secondary injury provides a valuable window of opportunity to limit the consequences with a timely treatment. Recently, the amyloid precursor protein (APP) and its derivative APP96-110 have shown enco...

Epidemiological evidence links severe or repeated traumatic brain injury (TBI) to the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Accumulation of amyloid precursor protein (APP) occurs with high frequency after TBI, particularly in injured axons, and APP may be cleaved to amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides playing key pathophysiological roles in AD. We used cerebral microdialysis (MD) to test the hypothesis ...