BACKGROUND Fluoroscopy is widely used in spine surgery to assist with graft and hardware placement. Previous studies have not measured radiation exposure to a surgeon during minimally invasive lateral lumbar spine surgery for single-level discectomy and interbody cage insertion. This study was performed to model and measure radiation exposure to a surgeon during spine surgery using the direct l...

The three-machine flowshop scheduling problem to minimize total completion time is studied where setup times are treated as separate from processing times. Setup and processing times of all jobs on all machines are unknown variables before the actual occurrence of these times. The lower and upper bounds for setup and processing times of each job on each machine is the only information that is a...

Manufacturing scheduling aims to optimize one or more performance measures by allocating a set of resources jobs tasks over given period time. It is an area that considers very important decision-making process for manufacturing and production systems. In this paper, the unrelated parallel machine problem with machine-dependent job-sequence-dependent setup times addressed. This involves on mach...

Maritime transportation plays a critical role in global trade as it accounts for over 80% of all merchandise movement. Given the growing volume maritime freight, is vital to have an efficient system handling ships and cargos at ports. The current first-come-first-serve method insufficient maintaining operational efficiency, especially under complicated conditions such parallel scheduling with d...