measurement of soil saturated hydraulic conductivity, ks, is normally affected by flow patterns such as macro pore; however, most current techniques do  not differentiate flow types, causing major problems in describing water and chemical flows within the soil matrix. this study compares eight models for scaling ks and predicted matrix and macro pore ks, using a database composed of 50 datasets...

let $l$ be a lattice in $zz^n$ of dimension $m$. we prove that there exist integer constants $d$ and $m$ which are basis-independent such that the total degree of any graver element of $l$ is not greater than $m(n-m+1)md$. the case $m=1$ occurs precisely when $l$ is saturated, and in this case the bound is a reformulation of a well-known bound given by several authors. as a corollary, we show t...

The formation of smoke from a burning cigarette depends on a series of mechanisms, including generation of products by pyrolysis and combustion, aerosol formation, and physical mass transfer and filtration processes. Each mechanism, and their interactions, has a profound effect on the levels of chemical constituents in tobacco smoke. An enormous amount of research has been done on these subject...

In geological storage of carbon dioxide (CO2), the buoyant CO2 plume eventually accumulates under the caprock. Due to interfacial tension between the CO2 phase and the water phase, a capillary transition zone develops in the plume. This zone contains supercritical CO2 as well as water with dissolved CO2. Under the plume, a diffusive boundary layer forms. We study how cross-flow between the capi...

The floodplains of many gravel-bed streams have a general stratigraphy that consists of a layer of topsoil covering gravel-dominated subsoil. Previous research has demonstrated that this stratigraphy can facilitate preferential groundwater flow through focused linear features, such as paleochannels, or gravelly regions within the vadose zone. These areas within the floodplain vadose zone may pr...

steel porous plates. Various control options for the tension applied to these porous plates have been advocated. The composition and quantity of leachate as it moves down through The simplest being zero tension, where no capacity to the vadose zone is seldom measured directly because sampling in this unsaturated zone at the depths required has proven to be extremely exert a tension on the plate...

The movement of bacterial and viral pathogens through soil vadose zone subsequently into groundwater is a major public health concern. There are relatively few studies on the transport fate microbes variably saturated media compared with their in zones. In this study, we investigated Escherichia coli, F-RNA bacteriophage MS2, conservative solute tracer bromide three intact cores, under (dischar...