BACKGROUND Ingestion of sand can cause colic, diarrhoea and weight loss in horses, but these signs are unspecific and can have many other causes. The amount of sand that induces disease may vary between individuals. To avoid over-diagnosing, it is important to determine the amount of sand that can be found in horses without clinical signs of gastrointestinal disease. The aim of this study was t...

Field-collected 4th-instar Glyptotendipes paripes larvae from a natural lake in central Florida preferred small-sized (< 0.84-1.99-mm-diam) grains of sand to burrow in and make cases in the laboratory. The larvae buried or formed cases within 3 h of introduction into 120-ml paper cups containing 80 ml tap water and 20 g of the small-diameter sand. When placed in sand with grains of different si...

We provide the first formal foundation of SAND attack trees which are a popular extension of the well-known attack trees. The SAND attack tree formalism increases the expressivity of attack trees by introducing the sequential conjunctive operator SAND. This operator enables the modeling of ordered events. We give a semantics to SAND attack trees by interpreting them as sets of series-parallel g...

We have performed an experimental study on the evolution of sand ripples formed under the action of an oscillatory flow. An annular sand-water cell was used in order to investigate a wide range of parameters. The sand ripples follow an irreversible condensation mechanism from small to large wavelength until a final state is reached. The wavelength and the shape of these stable sand patterns are...