in the second half of the nineteenth century realistic stories were replaced by fictive ones in urdu literature.wisdom and the important purposes of the aligarh movement made very big changes in the fiction and novel. nazir ahmad and abul-halim sharar were the first authors who created the novel. their traditional beliefs could be felt in their novels. in their books and stories, first they wer...

following the 9/11 attacks in 2001, several novels were published dealing directly or indirectly with the effects of the event on individuals- both inside and outside of the united states. though the novels often claim to deal with the post traumatic aftermath of the incident, writers have adhered to orientalist stereotyping and it seems that after 9/11 such attitudes towards muslims and arabs ...