one potentially basic concept in islam, as a religion, as reflected in the glorious qur’an , is the theory of ‘umma’ (community of muslims).this concept that has been stemmed from islam's political doctrine refers to features such as: tribe, clan, racial groups as well as a nation with stabilizing elements of religion's celestial values under the leadership of one prophet and those wh...

Correspondences, which are also called multifunctions, set valued maps, and random sets, have been studied extensively and acquired great importance in recent years. The study of measurable correspondences and their selections has applications to a variety of areas. These include optimization, control theory, pattern analysis, stochastic analysis, and mathematical economics. See [5], [11], [18]...

Abstract Since the Great Recession in 2007–2009, U.S. real GDP has failed to return its previously projected path, a phenomenon widely associated with secular stagnation. We investigate whether this stagnation was due hysteresis effects from Recession, persistent negative output gap following recession, or slower trend growth for other reasons. To do so, we develop new Markov-switching time ser...

We employ concepts from graph theory and cooperative game theory to reconstruct Granovetter’s famous thesis concerning ‘the strength of weak ties’. In contrast to existing formal models related to this thesis, our approach captures the mechanisms Granovetter invokes in the derivation of his thesis. Notably, our model allows for an analytical distinction between the strength of ties and the valu...

1. Introduction. Currently, the most effective constructions of low-discrepancy point sets and sequences, which are of great importance for quasi-Monte Carlo methods in multidimensional numerical integration, are based on the concept of (t, m, s)-nets and (t, s)-sequences. A detailed theory was developed in Niederreiter [9] (see also [10, Chapter 4] for surveys of this theory). So-called digita...

In other words, X does not have exponential moments. We say that X has light tails, if E exp (θ |X|) <∞ for some θ > 0. The distribution of Mδ is of importance in a number of different disciplines. For x > 0, {Mδ > x} = {τ δ (x) < ∞}, where τ δ (x) = inf{n ≥ 1 : S n > x}, so that computing the tail of Mδ is equivalent to computing a level crossing probability for the random walk S. Because of t...

water is the origin of life. 3/4 of the earth&apos;s surface is covered by water and all living things must have water to survive. life without water can not be considered. despite this, of all living things only humans exploit, waste and pollute this vital natural resource. raising awareness of the people on this issue is of great importance. at this point, environmental education is a key con...