In Australia, when stormwater systems were first introduced over 100 years ago, they were constructed independently of the sewer systems, and they are normally the responsibility of the third level of government, i.e., local government or city councils. Because of the increasing age of these stormwater systems and their worsening performance, there are serious concerns in a significant number o...

the counseling system is the one of the basis on which all social and political affairs are presented and investigated through public and political consultation in the form of discussions and free conversations. in the counseling system, it is the public wisdom and agreement that leads to the selection and determination of rulers, social and political constructs and institutions, codifying and ...

the local institutions in iran, like many countries in the world, have been established in order to realize decentralization system. the city councils are one of the most important institutions which conduct the affairs of the city with theirs executive organs. these councils make some important decisions in their legal jurisdictions which review on these decisions is very important. so the leg...

How can rural hospitals continue to attract physicians to their facilities? For most rural hospitals, the number of dollars they spend in medical education equates to the number of physicians they are able to retain on staff. What will be the cost to the consumer versus the physicians if the shortage is not addressed and corrected?

This paper explores determinants of participation, intensity and the magnitude of the rural nonfarm economy (RNFE) in Tajikistan. Conducting analysis at the district level, in addition to traditional individual and household levels, helps to test the impact of institutional determinants of the RNFE invariant at the micro level. We have found that rural residents in Tajikistan are mostly pushed ...

Purpose – Building disaster-resilient communities is one of the strategies of reducing the impact of disasters in marginalised communities. In Zimbabwe, the role of Rural District Councils (RDCs) as facilitating agencies in the realisation of this agenda cannot be overemphasised. However, at present, RDCs are unlikely to be effective towards the realisation of the disaster risk reduction agenda...

introduction: rapid urbanization and reduction of rural population are common problems among developing countries. unemployment and rural migration are mentioned as main reasons for these problems. according to the 2011 census in iran, the rural population decreased to less than one-third, or about 29 percent of total population. demographic change of the country and the need for jobs will exac...

In communities with low standard of living and literacy level, access to justice is challenging; for rural who are under-served by the system, a nightmare. These rely on traditional institutions family, clergy village councils administer resolve disputes. Law clinics may fill in gaps absence regular courts, serve as legal education students wish join profession. Through practical application cl...