To take the best possible care of patients, physicians must understand the basic principles of diagnostic test interpretation. Pretest probability is an important factor in interpreting test results. Some tests are useful for ruling in disease when positive or ruling out disease when negative, but not necessarily both. Many tests are of little value for diagnosing disease, and tests should be o...

the person, who, on his way, encounters a fruit-bearing tree belonging to others, can eat from its fruit as much as fulfilling his need, provided that his reaching to that tree has been accidental rather than on purpose; and that he should not take away any fruit with him and damage a tree or a fruit. in this respect, the owner’s consent is not considered a sine qua non. the reason for this rul...

This paper uses the Supreme Court’s ruling in Buckley v. Valeo (1976) to identify the causal impact of money in elections. Estimates consistently suggest that the Buckley-induced removal of state limits on campaign spending led to increased Republican voteshares, increased Republican candidate entry, and decreased Democratic candidate entry in state legislative and gubernatorial elections in st...

Since discovery of an underlying organisational structure from crime data leads the investigation to terrorist cells or organised crime groups, detecting covert networks are important to crime investigation. As shown in application of Offender Group Detection Model (OGDM), which is developed and tested on a theft network in Bursa, Turkey, use of effective data mining methods can reveal offender...