accounting is a social knowledge which is inherently related to the environment, values and economic, social and cultural norms of the society where it is used.thus it is better to consider the requirements, conditions and qualities of the target society when using the theoretical framework and standards of financial reporting. therefore, according to some researchers, the unconditional use of ...

accountant working in the private or public sector companies must remain impartial and loyal to ethical guidelines when reviewing a company or individuals financial records for reporting purposes. people are expecting a lot from the professional community and the quality of the complex services provided by the accounting profession have confidence. of the information provided by accountants sho...

After adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) for consolidated financial statements by European-listed companies, a number of European countries still require the use of local standards in the preparation of legal entity financial statements. This study investigates whether this requirement can be explained by a low demand for high-quality financial reporting and an orien...

The State and Territory Competition Policy Reform Acts of 1995 applied the competitive conduct rules to Australian professions, including the medical profession, for the first time. The competitive conduct rules are basically the prohibitions on restrictive trading practices contained in Part IV of the Trade Practices Act. As the medical profession was effectively sheltered from the operation o...

In this paper we present an approach to the analysis of graph transformation rules based on an intermediate OCL representation. We translate different semantics of rules into OCL, together with the properties of interest (like rule applicability, conflict or independence). The intermediate representation serves three purposes: (i) allows the seamless integration of graph transformation rules wi...

This paper focuses on the reform of accounting standards in China in 2007 and investigates its impact on equilibrium pricing in the audit market. We find that the concentration of the audit market and the probability of issuing modified audit opinions do not significantly change, but that audit fees increase significantly after the adoption of the new accounting standards in China. Deeper analy...

OBJECTIVES To contrast pharmacy benefit management (PBM) companies' measured profitability by using two accounting standards. The first accounting standard is that which, under Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP), PBMs are currently allowed to employ. The second accounting standard, seemingly more congruent with the PBM business model, treats the PBM as an agent of the plan sponsor....