Chemomechanical preparation of the root canal includes both mechanical instrumentation and antibacterial irrigation, and is principally directed toward the elimination of micro-organisms from the root canal system. A variety of instruments and techniques have been developed and described for this critical stage of root canal treatment. Since their introduction in 1988, nickel-titanium (NiTi) ro...

The C-shaped canal system is an anatomical variation mostly seen in mandibular second molars, although it can also occur in maxillary and other mandibular molars. Such variation in the root canal anatomy is uncommon in mandibular first premolars and very rare in mandibular second premolars. The C-shaped canal is so named for the cross-sectional morphology of the root and root canal. The main an...

OBJECTIVE AND IMPORTANCE To report a case of endodontic retreatment of a maxillary right canine in which an extra canal was located and successfully treated. CLINICAL PRESENTATION AND INTERVENTION A 35-year-old Asian male reported with pain and lingering discomfort in relation to his maxillary right canine after the conventional root canal therapy. Radiographic examination revealed the presen...

Understanding root canal morphology is one of the most important steps in successful root canal treatment. Thus, during the diagnosis and treatment phases of the maxillary molars, a clinician must be aware that anatomical variations exist. A number of studies, especially in vitro, have investigated various root canal morphologies, including aberrations of maxillary molars. This clinical case re...

the aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of apical negative pressure (anp), manual dynamic agitation (mda), passive ultrasonic irrigation (pui) and needle irrigation (ni) as final irrigation activation techniques for smear layer removal in curved root canals.mesiobuccal root canals of 80 freshly extracted maxillary first molars with curvatures ranging between 25° and 35° were used. a gl...

introduction: the purpose of this study was to evaluate the number of distal roots and canals in mandibular first molars and their internal anatomy radiographically within iranian population. materials and methods: a total of 310 distal roots of mandibular first molars were incorporated in this study and evaluated in terms of number of roots and number and types of canals. root canal systems we...

introduction: a variety of mesial and distal projections have been suggested for separating the canals in a multi-canaled root. but there is no general agreement on the best angulation for each tooth. the purpose of this study was to evaluate the x-ray horizontal angle for separating the canals of four-canal first mandibular molars. materials and methods: forty four-canaled mandibular molars we...

the main objective of endodontic therapy is the thorough mechanical and chemical cleansing of the entire root canal system and its complete obturation with an inert filling material. failure to find and fill a canal contributes toward the failure of endodontic therapy .the root canal anatomy of mandibular first molars is complex. studies of the morphologic structure of root canal systems have d...

Sodium hypochloride is the most commonly used endodontic irrigant, despite limitations. None of the presently available root canal irrigants satisfy the requirements of ideal root canal irrigant. Newer root canal irrigants are studied for potential replacement of sodium hypochloride. This article reviews the potential irrigants with their advantages and limitations with their future in endodont...