The structure of the rod-cone network in the area centralis of cat retina was studied by reconstruction from serial electron micrographs. About 48 rods converge on each cone via gap junctions between the rod spherules and the basal processes of the cone pedicle. One rod diverges to 2.4 cones through these gap junctions, and each cone connects to 8 other cones, also through gap junctions. A stat...

PURPOSE Recent studies suggest that the neural retinal response to light is compromised in diabetes. Electroretinogram studies suggest that the dim light retinal rod pathway is especially susceptible to diabetic damage. The purpose of this study was to determine whether diabetes alters rod pathway signaling. METHODS Diabetes was induced in C57BL/6J mice by three intraperitoneal injections of ...

Mechanical weed control has become a more efficient and economical method over the past few years. This study presents concept of an e-power source weeding mechanism to carry out operations in crop rows with spacing 30 cm. An e-powered mechanical inter-row weeder was designed, developed, evaluated for sandy loam soil conditions. The result indicates that speed operation drum diameter significan...

PURPOSE To isolate focal rod electroretinograms (ERGs) from the dark-adapted human eye. METHODS In two normal volunteers, dark-adapted focal rod ERGs were recorded from the peripheral retina in response to 30 degree diameter blue flashes of varying retinal illuminance and from different retinal regions in response to 10 degree diameter bright blue flashes. Dark-adapted focal rod ERGs also wer...

A twisted elastic rod with intrinsic curvature is considered. We investigate the dynamics of the rod in a viscous incompressible fluid. This fluid is governed by the Navier–Stokes equations and the fluid-rod interaction problem is solved by the generalized immersed boundary method combined with the Kirchhoff rod theory. We classify the equilibrium configurations of an open elastic rod as they d...

PURPOSE To compare local cone and rod system function in patients with retinitis pigmentosa (RP) using electrophysiological and psychophysical techniques. METHODS Cone-mediated multifocal electroretinograms (M-ERGs), cone system threshold visual fields, rod-mediated M-ERGs, and rod system threshold visual fields were measured in seven patients with RP. RESULTS All the patients had normal co...

Rod modulation of an annular surround can produce brightness contrast in a test field centered at 100 from the fovea. In our research, stimuli originated from a colorimeter that provided 4 primaries in both the circular test and the annular surround fields, and allowed independent modulation of the rods and each of the short (S)-, middle (M)-, and long (L)-wavelength-sensitive cone types. The c...

Rod signals traverse several synapses en route to cone bipolar cells. In one pathway, rods communicate directly with cones via gap junctions. In a second pathway, signals flow rods-rod bipolars-AII amacrines-cone bipolars. The relative contribution of each pathway to retinal function is not well understood. Here we have examined this question from the perspective of the AII amacrine. AIIs form ...

high purity fluorapatite (fa) with rod-like and spherical-like morphology was synthesized via sol-gel method. chemical characterization of fa powders was done by xrd and ftir analyses. crystallite samples were calculated using scherer method. morphology of fa powders was investigated with tem and sem images. the results revealed that increasing the time of hydrolysis of phosphate sols significa...