Methods—We used data on risk factor exposure by country, age group, and sex from pooled analysis of population-based health surveys. Relative risks for cause-specific mortality were obtained from pooling of large prospective studies. We calculated the population attributable fractions (PAF) for each risk factor alone, and for the combination of all risk factors, accounting for multi-causality a...

Nonindigenous species have caused significant impacts to North American forests despite past and present international phytosanitary efforts. Though broadly acknowledged, the risks of pest invasions are difficult to quantify as they involve interactions between many factors that operate across a range of spatial and temporal scales: the transmission of invading organisms via various pathways, t...

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AbstractThe growing aquaculture industry is facing several challenges including risks and uncertainties. Studies exploring farmers’ risk perceptions management strategies are, however, lim...

Agricultural activities are by nature prone to risks and uncertainties of various nature, both biophysical, abiotic, climatic, environmental, biotic (pests, diseases) and economic. Many of these risks have a climatic component and most of them will be affected by climate change, either in intensity, scope or frequency. The aim of this paper is not to review the increasing literature on risks, o...

Although significant private investment is absorbed in different sectors of power systems, transmission sector is still suffering from appropriate private investment. This is because of the pricing policies of transmission services, tariffs, and especially for investment risks. Investment risks are due to the uncertain behaviour of power systems that discourage investors to invest in the transm...

Risks and other uncertainties can cause losses, which lead to increasing costs and time delays,both during the project and at the end. The need to prevent failures during the constructionprocess and other losses related to construction has been emphasised in various reports.Example consequences are failure costs in civil works which can be close to 8% of the totalbudget for proj...

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