The homeobox genes ladybird in Drosophila and their vertebrate counterparts Lbx1 genes display restricted expression patterns in a subset of muscle precursors and are both implicated in diversification of muscle cell fates. In order to gain new insights into mechanisms controlling conserved aspects of cell fate specification, we have performed a gain-of-function (GOF) screen for modifiers of th...

  Background: Electrical injury is daily compromise of our life and upper and lower extremities   are common sites of injury .   Case Presentation: A 23 years old man who had suffered high voltage electrical injury referred   to our center. He had severe left upper extremity burn and suffered from head and thoracic   injuries due to falling down from high altitude.   Treatment: Fasciotomy of th...

Primary scapular winging typically results from palsies of the serratus anterior, trapezius, and rhomboid muscles, which are caused by injury to the long thoracic nerve, spinal accessory nerve, and dorsal scapular nerve, respectively. The Eden-Lange procedure has become the surgical treatment of choice for scapular winging from trapezius palsy because other surgical procedures have high failure...

Introduction: The inferiorly and laterally based platysma myocutaneous flap contains hair in some ethnics; therefore, it is required to change the myocutaneous flap to myofascial flap to prevent the hair growth after its transfer to the oral cavity.   Materials and Methods: Five male mongrel dogs were selected for this study. De-epithelialized laterally based platysma fl...

Background: The standard methods for reconstruction of soft tissue defects in the leg include gastrocnemius flap for proximal third defects, soleus flap for middle third and free flap in the distal third. However, there are problems with the use of free flap, like increased operative time, damage of major vessels and the need for experienced microsurgeon. Mathods: This prospective study was und...

the distal third of the tibia, ankle and heel area is difficult to reconstruct. for small to medium size defects, local flaps are often an easier alternative than free flap. in lower limb surgery, the sural flap is based on this principle and this flap is becoming increasingly popular. the distally based superficial sural artery flap, first described as a distally based neuro skin flap by masqu...

A case of a 28-year-old Caucasian female with progressive hemifacial atrophy and atrophy of the rhomboid muscles on the ipsilateral side is reported. The literature on this condition and its treatment is reviewed.