The Dobzhansky–Muller model posits that incompatibilities between alleles at different loci 5 cause speciation. However, it is known that if the alleles involved in a Dobzhansky–Muller 6 incompatibility (DMI) between two loci are neutral, the resulting reproductive isolation cannot 7 be maintained in the presence of either mutation or gene flow. Here we propose that speciation 8 can emerge thro...

Seedlings of the hybrid citrus rootstock, Carrizo citrange (Citrus sinensis x Poncirus trifoliata) do not uniformly limit development of the citrus burrowing nematode, Radopholus citrophilus. Variation in nematode population densities in roots of seedlings germinating from the same seed suggests that factors responsible for nematode incompatibility are not functional or are not inherited unifor...

Genetic strategies that reduce or block pathogen transmission by mosquitoes are being investigated as a means to augment current control measures. Strategies of vector suppression and replacement are based upon intracellular Wolbachia bacteria, which occur naturally in many insect populations. Maternally inherited Wolbachia have evolved diverse mechanisms to manipulate host insect reproduction ...

Inherent incompatibilities between genetic components from genomes of different species may cause intrinsic reproductive isolation. In evolution experiments designed to instigate speciation in laboratory populations of the filamentous fungus Neurospora, we previously discovered a pair of incompatibility loci (dfe and dma) that interact negatively to cause severe defects in sexual reproduction. ...

We describe the design, characterization, and use of "programmable", sterile growth environments for individual (or small sets of) plants. The specific relative humidities and nutrient availability experienced by the plant is established (RH between 15% and 95%; nutrient concentration as desired) during the setup of the growth environment, which takes about 5 minutes and <1$ in disposable cost....

Cell death occurs in all domains of life. While some cells die in an uncontrolled way due to exposure to external cues, other cells die in a regulated manner as part of a genetically encoded developmental program. Like other eukaryotic species, fungi undergo programmed cell death (PCD) in response to various triggers. For example, exposure to external stress conditions can activate PCD pathways...

Hybrid incompatibilities, measured as mortality and sterility, are caused by the disruption of gene interactions. They are important post-zygotic isolation barriers to species hybridization, and much effort is put into the discovery of the genes underlying these incompatibilities. In hybridization studies of the haplodiploid parasitic wasp genus Nasonia, genic incompatibilities have been shown ...

Abstract Background A vast variety of factors may cause recurrent pregnancy loss. Blood group incompatibility of parents could cause abortion. The examination of couples or twins, blood groups showed that the blood group incompatibility can affect adversely the outcome of pregnancy. Couples with blood group incompatibility are more involved in spontaneous miscarriage. Antigenes in two differe...

Red cell alloimmunisation in pregnancy may result haemolytic disease of the foetus and newborn (HDN). During pregnancy, there are possibilities foetal antigen being exposed to mother’s circulation, thereby leading production antibodies. The immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies from mother pass through maternal surface placenta, which is then sensitised obstructs formation red blood cells (RBCs). T...