Earlier studies have demonstrated that attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is associated with aberrant sensitivity to rewards and punishments. Although some studies have focused on real-life decision making in children with ADHD using the Iowa gambling task, the number of good deck choices, a frequently used index of decision-making ability in the gambling task, is insufficient for ...

Humans value rewards less when these are delivered in the future as opposed to immediately, a phenomenon referred to as delay discounting. While delay discounting has been studied during the anticipation of rewards and in the context of intertemporal decision-making, little is known about its neural correlates in the outcome phase (during reward delivery) and their relation to personality. Pers...

Purpose: Health care professionals may earn specialty certifications to recognize their advanced knowledge and skills. Athletic training has implemented specialties; however, it is unclear what athletic trainers (ATs) know perceive about certifications. We developed a survey examine the following issues: (1) analyze ATs certifications; (2) rank rewards barriers be associated with earning/pursui...

We provided chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) with the ability to improve the quality of food rewards they received in a dyadic test of inequity. We were interested to see if this provision influenced their responses and, if so, whether it was mediated by a social partner's outcomes. We tested eight dyads using an exchange paradigm in which, depending on the condition, the chimpanzees were rewarded...

Although many studies have explored the consequences of diversity, few have considered how they are affected by social context. This paper develops an institutional framework for understanding how a board’s gender diversity influences its organization’s analyst ratings. I propose that evaluators reward gender-diverse organizations with higher ratings when gender diversity is more institutionali...

43 IAM HONORED to be the inaugural contributor to the Journal of Palliative Medicine series on palliative care pioneers. I look back at the path that I and many of my peers like Andy Billings, Jim Hallenbeck, Robert Arnold, Charles von Gunten, and other leaders have traveled, and I am both awed and humbled by how far we have come in such a short period of time. I was a rather typical, academica...

Choices are often intertemporal, requiring tradeoff of short-term and long-term outcomes. In such contexts, humans may prefer small rewards delivered immediately to larger rewards delivered after a delay, reflecting temporal discounting (TD) of delayed outcomes. The medial orbitofrontal cortex (mOFC) is consistently activated during intertemporal choice, yet its role remains unclear. Here, pati...

In temporal discounting, individuals often prefer smaller immediate rewards to larger delayed rewards, implying a trade off between the magnitude and delay of future rewards. While recent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) investigations of temporal discounting have generated conflicting findings, no studies have focused on whether distinct neural substrates respond to the magnitude a...

Previous research, involving monetary rewards, found that limbic reward-related areas show greater activity when an intertemporal choice includes an immediate reward than when the options include only delayed rewards. In contrast, the lateral prefrontal and parietal cortex (areas commonly associated with deliberative cognitive processes, including future planning) respond to intertemporal choic...

talk a lot – but we also do so in very different ways. It would appear that the structure of a language is defined by its cultural ancestry and not by the way the brain processes language. A group of researchers at the Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics in Nijmegen in the Netherlands has analyzed the order of sentence parts in more than 300 languages from four major language families. T...