The term “physical development and land use” was primarily raised in the Western countries so that governments could monitor the way the land is used and to maintain property rights. However, with rapid growth of urbanization and development of urban and regional planning the dimensions and the contents of the concept have expanded day by day. The central and practical core of urban planning is...

Primary objective of this paper is to explain why Korea has been successful in economic growth and industrial transformation while Iran has failed in this area. To explain the different performances of the two countries, we have looked at their initial level of industrialization, nature of political regimes and economic institutions, trade and industrial policies in the two countries. Our c...

Laparoscopic surgery is a transition technology that marked the beginning of the information age revolution for surgery. Telepresence surgery, robotics, tele-education, and telementoring are the next step in the revolution. Using computer-aided systems such as robotics and image-guided surgery, the next generation of surgical systems will be more sophisticated and will permit surgeons to perfor...

F aced with the conflicting pressures of accelerated product development and users who demand that increasingly vital systems be made ever more dependable, software development has been thrown into turmoil. Traditionalists advocate using extensive planning, codified processes, and rigorous reuse to make development an efficient and predictable activity that gradually matures toward perfection. ...

Institutions, and more speci…cally private property rights, have come to be seen as a major determinant of long-run economic development. We evaluate the case for property rights as an explanatory factor of the Industrial Revolution and derive some lessons for the analysis of developing countries today. We pay particular attention to the role of property rights in the accumulation of physical c...

There are three major revolutionary changes that have led to the information society. First is the breakthrough development of semiconductor technology, which began with the invention of the transistor, the base of today’s most complicated semiconductors. Second is the development of the Internet, which has made it possible to distribute information on a worldwide scale. Last is the Mobile revo...