Events of the past two decades have generated increasing concern about the direction of the world trading system. While the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) helped orchestrate the substantial reduction in tariffs after World War II, the multilateral approach to trade liberalisation has encountered difficulty in stemming the proliferation of non-tariff trade barriers and in extendin...

Are violators of international human rights norms punished with lower levels of foreign aid? Despite their abstract preferences, governments often lack the incentive to punish norm violators bilaterally. Multilateral lending institutions, such as the World Bank, could fill the void if they wanted to consider human rights abuses and could bypass restrictions on evaluating the political character...

The purpose of this article is to examine phase-differences in the patterns of actors involved in decision making. Two phases are distinguished, the negotiating phase, and the decision-making phase. During the first phase the agent’s primary goal is to influence the policy position of other agents, whereas during the second phase the agent’s goal is to find a solution (especially if there is a ...

This paper presents a new non-cooperative approach to multilateral bargaining. We consider a demand game with the following additional ingredients: (i) there is an exogenous deadline, by which bargaining has to end; (ii) prior to the deadline, players may sequentially change their demands as often as they like; (iii) changing one’s demand is costly, and this cost increases as the deadline gets ...

In this article the use of steganography and watermarking for the realization of multilateral security in IT systems is outlined. The evolution of both technologies is still in its infancy. Their further development will allow their use to protect the goals of several participants in a communication relationship. The procedures which are used to meet different requirements are described. The em...

The relevance of the study is due to process structural reorganization entire global system international relations. It noted that, along with military power, economic, scientific, technical, and information spheres state’s activities are coming fore, stimulating their work in arena. emphasized that this circumstance determines complex interdependence main actors relations at present stage. arg...