A study of eight independent instances of evolution of a distinct mode of swimming by animals such as rays and cuttlefish shows repeated arrival at a single optimal solution.

[Purpose] It is believed that eccentric high-intensity exercise can decrease performance in subsequent exercise. However, with repetition, the deleterious effects can be minimized. Thus, this study evaluated the influence of repeated bouts of eccentric exercise on subsequent high-intensity aerobic performance. [Subjects and Methods] Seven healthy and sedentary male volunteers were recruited. a)...

Production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) during muscle contractions is associated with muscle fatigue and damage in the short term and adaptive responses in the long term. When adaptation is inconsequential acute antioxidant supplementation may be able to attenuate muscle fatigue and damage to enhance performance. This study aimed to determine the effects of acute oral N-acetylcysteine (NAC)...

In 2005, the incidence of Parkinson’s disease (PD) in the world’s most populous nations was estimated to be 4.1 million people [1]. Furthermore, it is predicted that by the year 2030 more than 8 million people in these countries will develop this disease [1]. PD is progressive and, over time, symptoms can become increasingly severe. There are four cardinal symptoms including tremor at rest, rig...

It was hypothesized that the reduction of high-energy phosphates in muscle after repeated sprints is smaller in women than in men. Fifteen healthy and physically active women and men with an average age of 25 yr (range of 19-42 yr) performed three 30-s cycle sprints (Wingate test) with 20 min of rest between sprints. Repeated blood and muscle samples were obtained. Freeze-dried pooled muscle fi...

Twin brothers aged 9-years were seen over a period of 5-years and were diagnosed and treated as atopic dermatitis. They came to our attention due to repeated exacerbations of dermatitis and multiple skin abscesses. Physical examination showed that both the brothers had coarse facial appearance with prominent brow and deep-set eyes (Figure 1). There were papulopustular lesions all over the body ...

Larvae of the Antarctic midge, Belgica antarctica, routinely face periods of limited water availability in their natural environments on the Antarctic Peninsula. As a result, B. antarctica is one of the most dehydration-tolerant insects studied, surviving up to 70% loss of its body water. While previous studies have characterized the physiological effects of a single bout of dehydration, in nat...

Postexercise cold water immersion has been advocated to athletes as a means of accelerating recovery and improving performance. Given the effects of cold water immersion on blood flow, evaluating in vivo changes in tissue oxygenation during cold water immersion may help further our understanding of this recovery modality. This study aimed to investigate the effects of cold water immersion on mu...