the iranian ministry of energy commands the regional electrical companies to install dg resources at 63kv/20kv substations and at the end of 20kv lines. the first and foremost challenge in installing these resources is deciding on the optimal place and capacity of these resources. this paper is aimed to propose an appropriate algorithm for siting and sizing such resources in bakhtar regional el...

restructuring the recent developments in the power system and problems arising from construction as well as the maintenance of large power plants lead to increase in using the distributed generation (dg) resources. dg units due to its specifications, technology and location network connectivity can improve system and load point reliability indices. in this paper, the allocation and sizing of di...

presence of distributed generation (dg) in electric distribution systems provides an attractive new alternative in capacity expansion planning of these systems. in this paper a new model is developed for solving simultaneous placement of hv/mv substations and dg units as a static planning tool. this model aims to minimize fixed and variable costs of planning. constraints related to dgs, substat...

This article reviews issues related to the incorporation of non-renewable resources in the theory of economic growth and development. As an o¤shoot of the new growth theory of the last two decades a series of contributions have studied endogenous technical change in relation to resource scarcity. We discuss the main approaches within this literature and consider questions like: How is the new l...

Background Energy policies are promoting distributed energy resources such as energy efficiency, distributed generation (DG), energy storage devices, and renewable energy resources (RES), increasing the number of DG installations and especially variable output (only partly controllable) sources like wind power, solar, small hydro and combined heat and power. Intermittent generation like wind ca...

In this study a mixed integer linear programming (MILP) model is created for the design (i.e. technology selection, unit sizing, unit location, and distribution network structure) of a distributed energy system that meets the electricity and heating demands of a cluster of commercial and residential buildings while minimising annual investment and operating cost. The model is used to analyse th...

Energy systems are hybrid networks, linking different forms of energy sources and loads. With growing amounts of renewable generation in the energy system, the hierarchical and centralized structure of the energy system gets increasingly transformed to a decentralized and distributed structure. The concept of Smart Grid is driven by these structural changes and provides solutions for the challe...

Several drivers, usually recognized as electricity market, renewable energy sources and smartgrids are behind the concept of increasing distributed electricity generation from solar PV systems, wind turbines and CHP systems. These microsources have been installed as a consequence of government incentives aiming to secure supply of energy and to reduce the CO2 emissions by using renewable energy...

A microgrid is an eco-friendly power system because renewable sources are used as main power sources. In the islanded operation mode of a microgrid, maintaining the balance between power supply and power demand is a very important problem. In the case of surplus supply, decreased generation output and/or charge of distributed storages can be applied to solve the imbalance between power supply a...