This case describes typical ophthalmic findings as a key feature for diagnosis of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) and its possible differential diagnosis. A 58-year-old female patient with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis on immunotherapy with natalizumab developed visual disturbance, reading problems, and visual field defects due to PML. PML is a reactivation of latent i...

BACKGROUND Fingolimod is the first oral agent used for treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Macular edema, but not retinal hemorrhage, is a well-known adverse effect of fingolimod treatment. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case report of extensive retinal hemorrhages following fingolimod treatment. CASE PRESENTATION A 31-year-old male with relapsing-remitting m...

Fast track appraisal (FTA) was adopted by NICE in 2017. This faster and more simplified process is mainly used for novel pharmaceutical agents that are considered bioequivalent to an already recommended drug with added advantages or reduced costs. In June 2022 FTA recommend diroximel fumarate (Vumerity) the management of relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS). short article explores pote...

Long TR and gadolinium enhanced spin echo brain MRI was performed weekly for three months in three patients with relapsing-remitting or secondary progressive multiple sclerosis. During the study, 38 new enhancing lesions were seen; 11 showed enhancement for less than four weeks, and two enhanced on only one scan. All 16 new lesions seen on long TR scans showed initial enhancement. When only eve...

BACKGROUND Locked-in syndrome is an extremely difficult neurologic condition to recognize, especially by the non-specialists. A case of locked-in syndrome in a 41-year old Niger Deltan Nigerian with relapsing remitting form of multiple sclerosis (MS) is presented, including a detailed literature review. PATIENT AND CASE REPORT The patient was in a state of spastic quadriplegia, motionless and...

In the past 10 years, the treatment options for patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) underwent some major changes. After relying on injectable interferon-beta preparations for quite some time, the advent of the first monoclonal antibody, natalizumab, followed by the first oral drug, fingolimod, improved the outcome of these patients and the possibilities to treat them mor...

Fingolimod was recently approved for use in the United States after two phase III trials confirmed its effectiveness in reducing disease activity in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. These positive results, coupled with the important fact that this is the first oral disease-modifying therapy, has lead to considerable enthusiasm amongst physicians and patients. However, fingolimod is assoc...

Multiple sclerosis is a disabling and progressive neurological disease that has significant negative effects on health-related quality of life. This exploratory efficacy study examined the effects of Healing Light Guided Imagery (HLGI), a novel variant of guided imagery, compared with a wait-list control in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Changes in the Beck Depression Inv...

PURPOSE OF REVIEW The review discusses future directions in research on multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica, as long-held beliefs about these diseases are undermined with data from recent clinical trials. RECENT FINDINGS Results of clinical trials for registration (phase 3) were reported in the last year. Anti-inflammatory approaches, such as daclizumab high-yield process targeting IL...