The paper argues that a substantial proportion of the wider economic benefits to society from publicly-funded basic research is associated with scientists’ migration into the commercial sector of the innovation system. Rejecting a reduction of the research process to the propositional knowledge it produces, a set of hypotheses on the value of different types of knowledge is derived. The hypothe...

A decision maker faces a new theory of how certain events unfold over time. The theory matters for choices she needs to make, but possibly the theory is a fabrication. We show that there is a test which is guaranteed to pass a true theory, and which is also conservative: A false theory will only pass when adopting it over the decision maker’s initial theory would not cause substantial harm; if ...

I analyze a market with asymmetric information, interdependent values, multiple trading opportunities and trade frictions. The frictions can be reduced at a cost, e.g. by increasing attention, search or computing power. Raising the difference between the values of buyers and sellers can delay trade, despite the greater gains from trade. Rejecting an initial offer is a stronger signal when the o...

every society has its own culture, values, and ideology. translations convey the meaning as well as cultural and ideological values, beliefs, ideas and norms from source culture to target culture. one type of translation which nowadays is popular among people, and can attract so many audiences in different ages is audiovisual translation (avt), particularly dubbing. if there is difference betwe...

Buchanan examines, and finds inadequate, several philosophical approaches to justifying and specifying the content of a universal right to a decent minimum of health care: utilitarian arguments, Rawlsian ideal contract arguments, and Norman Daniels' equality of opportunity argument. Also rejecting the libertarian hypothesis that there is no right to a decent minimum of care, he contends that t...

With the growing popularity of the Internet, unsolicited electronic mail (spam) has become a major concern. It fills up user’s mailboxes, clogs mail relays, wastes postmaster time, and creates ill will for sites that have been used as a relay. Most sites want to filter spam before they receive it but filtering spam is hard to do without filtering legitimate mail messages. This paper discusses w...

Hormesis is a dose-response phenomenon that has received little recognition, credibility and acceptance as evidenced by its absence from major toxicological/risk assessment texts, governmental regulatory dose-response modeling for risk assessment, and non-visibility in major professional toxicological society national meetings. This paper traces the historical evolution of the hormetic dose-res...