Upstream open reading frames (uORFs) are common in eukaryotic transcripts, but those that encode conserved peptides occur in less than 1% of transcripts. The peptides encoded by three plant conserved peptide uORF (CPuORF) families are known to control translation of the downstream ORF in response to a small signal molecule (sucrose, polyamines, and phosphocholine). In flowering plants, transcri...

abstract: gridlock is an extreme traffic state where vehicle cannot move at all. this research studies the development of gridlock by theoretical and numerical analysis. it is shown that the development of gridlock can be divided into several stages. the core of the development is the evolution of congestion loop. a congestion loop is comprised of a number of consecutively connected spillover l...

background: prostate cancer is one of the most widespread cancers in men and is fundamentally a genetic disease. identifying regulators in cancer using novel systems biology approaches will potentially lead to new insight into this disease. it was sought to address this by inferring gene regulatory networks (grns). moreover, dynamical analysis of grns can explain how regulators change among dif...

multiple sclerosis (ms) is a complex neurological disease and its prevalence is about 2 million in the world. neuroinflammation plays a key role in ms. vitamins are essential nutrients that have effective role on immune system including activation of lymphocyte and differentiation of t-helper cell. vitamin d is a micronutrient that is effective on immune function. deficiently of vitamin d is a ...

up-regulation of cd4+cd25+cd127low/- regulatory t cells (tregs) is a new target in the treatment of asthma. human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells can up-regulate cd4+cd25+cd127low/- regulatory t cells in vitro,  meanwhile, heme oxygenase-1 (ho-1) plays an important role in the development and maintenance of cd4+cd25+ regulatory t cells. however the mechanism has not yet been adequately under...

Specification of the non-skeletogenic mesoderm (NSM) in sea urchin embryos depends on Delta signaling. Signal reception leads to expression of regulatory genes that later contribute to the aboral NSM regulatory state. In oral NSM, this is replaced by a distinct oral regulatory state in consequence of Nodal signaling. Through regulome wide analysis we identify the homeobox gene not as an immedia...

Representation of intracellular signaling networks as directed graphs allows for the identification of regulatory motifs. Regulatory motifs are groups of nodes with the same connectivity structure, capable of processing information. The bifan motif, made of two source nodes directly crossregulating two target nodes, is an overrepresented motif in a mammalian cell signaling network and in transc...

Bacterial cells sense their population density and respond accordingly by producing various signal molecules to the surrounding environments thereby trigger a plethora of gene expression. This regulatory pathway is termed quorum sensing (QS). Plenty of bacterial virulence factors are controlled by QS or QS-mediated regulatory systems and QS signal molecules (QSSMs) play crucial roles in bacteri...

Heritable variation in a gene’s expression arises from mutations impacting cis - and trans -acting components of its regulatory network. Here, we investigate how -regulatory are distributed within the genome gene network by identifying characterizing 69 with effects on same focal Saccharomyces cerevisiae . Relative to 1766 without this gene, found that these were enriched coding sequences trans...

background: type 1 diabetes (t1d) is a t cell mediated autoimmune disease targeting the insulin-producing β cells within pancreatic islets. autoimmune diseases may develop as a consequence of altered balance between regulatory (tregs) and autoreactive t cells. objectives: to evaluate treg cells frequency and suppressive function in the peripheral blood of newly diagnosed t1d patients in compari...