1 Barrett DS, Cobb AG, Bentley G. Joint proprioception in normal, osteoarthritic and replaced knees. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1991; 73: 53–56. 2 Barrett DS. Proprioception and function after anterior cruciate reconstruction. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1991; 73: 833–37. 3 Skinner HD, Barrack RL, Cook SD. Age-related decline in proprioception. Clin Orthop 1984; 184: 208–01. A recent consensus statement fro...

We organize the existing theoretical pricing research into a new two-level framework for industrial goods pricing. The first level consists of four pricing situations: New Product, Competitive, Product Line, and Cost-based. The second level consists of the pricing strategies appropriate for a given situation. For example, within the new product pricing situation, there are three alternative pri...

The stochastic nature of demand suggests that firms can benefit from applying dynamic pricing strategies, where pricing decisions are postponed until information about demand is revealed. Many service providers, however, announce prices in advance and do not frequently adjust them as a response to market conditions (i.e., static pricing). This may seem suboptimal when demand is high and the fir...

A number of factors influence the efficiency, productivity, and welfare of transportation networks. Travel demand, user costs, and facility supply costs equili-brate on various time scales under a set of pricing (taxes and tolls), investment and ownership policies. Two types of equilibria exist in a transportation network, short-run traffic equilibrium and long-run supply-demand equilibrium. Th...

This study aims to provide an opinion on the state-of-the-art of changes and reforms of water policies in South Korea, as well as the challenges along with their implications for sustainable water governance and management. In parallel with change in water resource characteristics generated by physical, environmental and socio-economic challenges such as: (1) uncertainties about climate change ...

Many universities and other non-profit organizations started dial-up Internet access as a valueadded service to their respective communities. The implementation and maintenance of these services becomes a nontrivial task, requiring large annual budgets to keep these systems up and running. The mandate for these non-profit entities is to recover the costs of providing their value added services ...

Economists have long advocated congestion pricing as an efficient way of allocating scarce roadway capacity. However, with a few exceptions, congestion tolls are rarely used in practice and strongly opposed by the public and elected officials. Although high implementation costs and privacy issues are alleviated as appropriate technologies are developed, the concerns that congestion pricing will...

We consider the problem of pricing for bandwidth provisioning over a single link, where users arrive according to a known stochastic traffic model. The network administrator controls the resource allocation by setting a price at every epoch, and each user’s response to the price is governed by a demand function. We formulate this problem as a partially observable Markov decision process (POMDP)...

Static optimization of networks by pricing has attracted significant attention over the last decade. These studies assumed concave utility functions for users and derived optimal pricing strategies for the network provider. In this paper, we consider effect of user’s elasticity to price and bandwidth on optimality of pricing. We first derive optimal pricing strategy for the case of logarithmic ...