One of the most promising technologies for lignocellulosic biomass utilization employs ionic liquids for the conversion of isolated components into fuels, pharmaceuticals, chemicals, and composites after fractionation of lignocellulose. However, the time required for dissolution of the whole cell wall has been excessive. To explore a possible dissolution and fractionation pathway of lignocellul...

Three-dimensional printing technologies are at the forefront of current industrial revolution, enabling production complex shapes using a wide range materials without relying on large facilities. Evolving from these, 4D is new concept in which printed objects respond to environmental stimuli and change shape or other characteristics with time controlled predicted manner. Bioderived and/or biode...